The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 2022 PDF
Preview The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 2022
SANFORD GUIDE M fa THE SANFORD GUIDE To Antimicrobial Therapy 2022 David N. Gilbert, M.D. Henry F. Chambers, M.D. Michael S. Saag, M.D. Andrew T. Pavia, M.D. Helen W. Boucher, M.D. Douglas Black, Pharm.D. David 0. Freedman, M.D. Kami Kim, M.D. Brian S. Schwartz, M.D. 52nd Edition SANFORD GUIDE THE SANFORD GUIDE To Antimicrobial Therapy 2022 52nd Edition David N. Gilbert, M.D. Henry F. Chambers, M.D. Michael S. Saag, M.D. Andrew T. Pavia, M.D. Helen W. Boucher, M.D. Douglas Black, Pharm.D. David 0. Freedman, M.D. Kami Kim, M.D. Brian S. Schwartz, M.D. THE SANFORD GUIDE 52nd Edition To Antimicrobial Therapy 2022 Editors Contributing Editors David N. Gilbert, M.D. Douglas Black, Pharm.D. Chief of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pharmacy, Providence Portland Medical Center, Oregon University of Washington, Seattle Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University Brian S. Schwartz, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Henry F. Chambers, M.D. University of California, San Francisco San Francisco General Hospital Professor of Medicine Emeritus University of California, San Francisco David O. Freedman, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham Michael S. Saag, M.D. Associate Dean for Global Medicine Director, UAB Center for AIDS Research Kami Kim, M.D. Professor of Medicine and Director, Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Alabama, Birmingham and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Andrew T. Pavia, M.D. University of South Florida, Tampa George & Esther Gross Presidential Professor Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Publisher Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc. Helen W. Boucher, M.D. Dean ad interim Professor of Medicine Managing Editor Tufts University School of Medicine Chief Academic Officer, Wellforce Health System, Jeb C. Sanford Boston, Massachusetts The GUIDE TO ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY is updated annually and published by. ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY, INC. 11771 Lee Highway, P.O. Box 276 Sperryville, VA 22740-0276 USA Tel 540-987-9480 Fax 540-987-9486 Email: [email protected] www.sanfordguide.com ‘ Copyright © 1969-2022 by Antimicrobial Therapy, Inp. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may beireproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means-digital, electronic, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise— without prior written permission from Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., P.O. Box 276,11771 Lee Hwy, Sperryville, VA 22740-0276 USA. j "SANFORD GUIDE" and "Hot Disease" logo are ® registered trademarks of Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc. Acknowledgements i Thanks to Silvina Trape, Jonatan Bohman and their team for manuscript design and layout of this edition ofthe SANFORD GUIDE. I Note to Readers 1 Since 1969, the SANFORD GUIDE has been independently prepared and published. Decisions regarding the content of the SANFORD GUIDE are solely those of (the editors and the publisher. We welcome questions, comments and feedback concerning the SANFORD GUIDE. All of your feedback is reviewed and taken into account in updating the content of the SANFORD GUIDE Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of the content ijrf this guide. However, current full prescribing information available in the package insert for each drug should be consulted before prescribing any product. The editors and publisher are not responsible for erects or omissions or for any consequences from application ofthe information in this book and make no warranty,express or implied, with respect to the currency, accuracy, or completeness ofthe contents of this publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of thejpractitioner. For the most current information, subscribe to webedition.sanfordguide.com or Sanford Guide mobile device applications Printed in the United States of America i ISBN 978-1-944272-20-3 ' Spiral Edition (English) ; 1 -TABLE OF CONTENTS— ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................................2 TABLE 1 Clinical Approach to Initial Choice of Antimicrobial Therapy....................................................5 TABLE 2 Recommended Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Bacteria...........................................76 TABLE 3 Suggested Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Selected Clinical Syndromes in Immunocompetent Patients.............................................................................................79 TABLE 4A Antibacterial Activity Spectra..........................................................................................80 4B Antifungal Activity Spectra................................................................................................88 4C Antiviral Activity Spectra....................................................................................................89 TABLE 5A Treatment Options For Systemic Infection Due To Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria.....................................................................................................90 5B Antibacterial treatment: presumed or confirmed Enterobacterales producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL).....................................................................90 5C Suggested specific antibacterial therapy: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterale Л 5D Suggested specific antibacterial therapy: highly resistant Pseudomonas aerugino a >2 5E Suggested specific antibacterial therapy: MDR A. baumannii complex, S. maltophilia )2 TABLE 6 Suggested Management of Suspected or Culture-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections.........................................................................93 TABLE 7 Antibiotic Hypersensitivity Reactions & Drug Desensitization Methods..............................94 TABLE 8 Pregnancy Risk and Safety in Lactation...............................................................................96 TABLE 9A Selected Pharmacologic Features of Antimicrobial Agents..................................................101 9B Pharmacodynamics of Antibacterials...............................................................................114 9C Enzyme -and Transporter- Mediated Interactions of Antimicrobials....................................114 TABLE 10A Antibiotic Dosage and Side-Effects.................................................................................118 10B Antimicrobial Agents Associated with Photosensitivity... 133 10C Aminoglycoside Once Daily and Multiple Daily Dosing Regimens 134 10D Prolonged or Continuous Infusion Dosing of Selected Antibiotics.......................................135 10E Inhalation Antibiotics..................................................... 137 10F ECMO Drug Dosing Adjustment...................................... 138 10G QTc Prolongation............................................................................................................140 TABLE 11A Treatment of Fungal Infections........................................................................................141 11B Antifungal Drugs: Dosage, Adverse Effects, Comments......................................................153 TABLE 12A Treatment of Mycobacterial Infections............................................................................156 12B Dosage and Adverse Effects of Antimycobacterial Drugs...................................................167 TABLE 13A Treatment of Parasitic Infections....................................................................................170 13B Dosage and Selected Adverse Effects of Antiparasitic Drugs.............................................186 13C Parasites that Cause Eosinophilia (Eosinophilia In Travelers)............................................189 13D Sources for Hard-to-Find Antiparasitic Drugs...................................................................190 TABLE14A Antiviral Therapy...........................................................................................................191 14B Antiviral Drugs (Non-HIV)..............................................................................................203 14C Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Treatment-NaTve Adults (HIV/AIDS).................................209 14D Antiretroviral Drugs and Adverse Effects..........................................................................220 14E Hepatitis A & HBV Treatment.........................................................................................224 14F HCV Treatment Regimens and Response...........................................................................225 TABLE 15A Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Selected Bacterial Infections...............................................229 15B Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Surgical Infections in Adults.........................................231 15C Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis in Patients with Underlying Cardiac Conditions.................................................................234 15D Management of Exposure to HIV-1 and Hepatitis В and C.................................................235 15E Prevention of Selected Opportunistic Infections in Human Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) or Solid Organ Transplantation (SOT) in Adults With Normal Renal Function..............................................................................................238 TABLE 16 Pediatric dosing (Age >28 Days)........................................................................................240 TABLE 17A Dosage of Antimicrobial Drugs in Adult Patients with Renal Impairment..........................247 17B No Dosage Adjustment with Renal Insufficiency by Category............................................264 17C Antimicrobial Dosing in Obesity.....................................................................................264 17D No Dosing Adjustment Required in Obesity........................................................................266 TABLE 18 Antimicrobials and Hepatic Disease: Dosage Adjustment.................................................266 TABLE 19 Treatment of CAPD Peritonitis in Adults...........................................................................267 TABLE 20A Anti-Tetanus Prophylaxis, Wound Classification, Immunization.........................................268 20B Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis....................................................................................269 TABLE 21 Selected Directory of Resources......................................................................................270 TABLE 22 Anti-Infective Drug-Drug Interactions..............................................................................271 TABLE 23 List of Generic and Trade Names.......................................................................................309 INDEX. .311 ABBREVIATIONS ЗТС = lamivudine Ceftaz = ceftazidime DR = delayed release АВ,% = percent absorbed Ceftolo-tazo = ceftolozane-tazobactam DRSP = drug-resistant S. pneumoniae ABC = abacavir Ceph= cephalosporin DBRPCT = Double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial ABCD = amphotericin В colioidal dispersion CFB = ceftobiprole DS = double strength ABLC = ampho В lipid complex CFP = cefepime EBV = Epstein-Barr virus ABSSSI = acute bacterial skin & skin structure infection Chloro = chloramphenicol EES = erythromycin ethyl succinate AD = after dialysis CIP = ciprofloxacin; CIP-ER = CIP extended release EFZ = efavirenz ADF - adefovir Clarithro = clarithromycin; ER = extended release ELV = elvitegravir AG = aminoglycoside Clav = clavulanate EMB = ethambutol AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Clinda = clindamycin ENT = entecavir Аптох-clav = amoxicillin-clavulanate CLO = clofazimine ER = extended release AM-CL-ER = amoxicillin-clavulanate extended release Clot = clotrimazole ERTA = ertapenem AMK = amikacin CMV = cytomegalovirus Erythro = erythromycin Amox = amoxicillin Cobi = cobicistat ESBLs = extended spectrum p-lactamases AMP = ampicillin CQ = chloroquine phosphate ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate Ampho В = amphotericin В CrCI = creatinine clearance ESRD = endstage renal disease Amp-sulb = ampicillin-sulbactam CrCIn = CrCI normalized for BSA Flu = fluconazole AP = atovaquone proguanil CRBSI = catheter-related bloodstream infection Flucyt = flucytosine APAG = antipseudomonal aminoglycoside CRE = carbapenem resistant enteric FOS-APV = fosamprenavir ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy FOS = fostemsavir ARF = acute rheumatic fever CSD = cat-scratch disease FQ = fluoroquinolone ASA = aspirin CSF = cerebrospinal fluid FTC = emtricitabine ATS = American Thoracic Society CXR = chest x-ray G = generic ATV = atazanavir d4T = stavudine GAS = Group A Strep AUC = area under the curve Dapto = daptomycin Gati = gatifioxacin Azithro = azithromycin DBPCT = double-blind placebo-controlled trial GC = gonorrhea bid = 2x per day de = discontinue Gemi = gemifloxacin BL/BLI = beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor ddC = zalcitabine Gent = gentamicin BSA = body surface area ddl = didanosine gm = gram BW = body weight DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation GNB = gram-negative bacilli C&S = culture & sensitivity Diclox = didoxacillin Graze = grazoprevir C/S = culture & sensitivity div = divided Griseo = griseofulvin CABP = community-acquired bacterial pneumonia DLV = delavirdine Gtts = drops CAPD = continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis DOR = doravirine H/O = history of CARB = carbapenems DORI = doripenem HEMO = hemodialysis CDC = U.S. Centers for Disease Control DOT = directly observed therapy HHV = human herpesvirus Cefpodox = cefpodoxime proxetil Doxy = doxycycline HIV = human immunodeficiency virus ABBREVIATIONS (2) HLR = high-level resistance NAF = Nafcillin RTV = ritonavir HSCT = hematopoietic stem cell transplant NAI = not FDA-approved (indication or dose) rx = treatment HSV = herpes simplex virus NB = name brand SA = Staph, aureus IA = injectable agent/anti-inflammatory drugs NF = nitrofurantoin sc = subcutaneous IDV = indinavir NFR = nelfi navir SSPE = Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis IFN = interferon NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor SD = serum drug level after single dose IM= intramuscular NOS = not otherwise specified mechanism of resistance Sens = sensitive (susceptible) IMP = imipenem-cilastatin NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor SM = streptomycin IMP-rele = imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam NSAIDs = non-steroidal Sofos = sofosbuvir INH = isoniazid NUS = not available in the U.S. SQV = saquinavir Irw = investigational NVP = nevirapine SS = steady state serum level IP = intraperitoneal О Ceph = oral cephalosporins STD = sexually transmitted disease IT = intrathecal Oflox = ofloxacin subcut = subcutaneous Itra = itraconazole P Ceph = parenteral cephalosporins Sulb = sulbactam IV = intravenous PCR = polymerase chain reaction Sx = symptoms IVDU = intravenous drug user PEP = post-exposure prophylaxis TAF = tenofovir alafenamide IVIG = intravenous immune globulin PI = protease inhibitor Tazo = tazobactam Keto = ketoconazole Pip-tazo = piperacillin-tazobactam TBc = tuberculosis kg = kilogram po = oral dosing TDF = tenofovir KPC = serine carbapenemase PQ = primaquine TEE = transesophageal echocardiography LAB = liposomal ampho В PRCT = Prospective randomized controlled trials Teico = teicoplanin LCM = lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus PTLD = post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease Telithro = telithromycin LCR = ligase chain reaction Pts = patients Tetra = tetracycline Levo = levofloxacin Pyri = pyrimethamine tid = 3x per day LP/R = lopinavir/ ritonavir PZA = pyrazinamide TMP-SMX = trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole MBL = metallo beta lactamase q wk = dose weekly TNF = tumor necrosis factor mcg (or pg) = microgram q[x]h = every [x] hours, e.g., q8h = every 8 hrs Tobra = tobramycin MDR = multi-drug resistant qid = 4x per day TPV = tipranavir MER = meropenem QS = quinine sulfate TST = tuberculin skin test MER-vabor = meropenem-vaborbactam Quinu-dalfo = Q-D = quinupristin-dalfopristin UTI = urinary tract infection Metro = metronidazole R = resistant Vanco = vancomycin Mino = minocycline RDBPCT = randomized double blind placebo controlled trial Velpat = velpatasvir mL = milliliter RFB = rifabutin VISA = vancomycin intermediately resistant S. aureus Moxi = moxifloxacin RFP = rifapentine VL = viral load MQ= mefloquine Rick = Rickettsia Vori = voriconazole MSM = men who have sex with men RIF= rifampin VZV = varicella-zoster virus MSSA/MRSA = methicillin-sensitive/resistant S. aureus RSV = respiratory syncytial virus ZDV = zidovudine MTB = Mycobacterium tuberculosis RTl = respiratory tract infection
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