The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Paleo-Indian Sites: Unifacial Tool Use and Gainey Phase Definition in South-Central Ontario

184 Pages·15.206 MB·English

by  by Lawrence J. Jackson

View to the east of Halstead Site excavation (center of photo) in 1992.
View to the southeast of Sandy Ridge site excavation (center of photo) in 1992.

Memoirs
Museum of Anthropology,University of Michigan
Number 32
The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Paleo-Indian Sites
U nifacial Tool Use and Gainey Phase Definition in South-Central Ontario
Lawrence J. Jackson
with a foreword by Henry T. Wright
and phytolith analysis by Anita Buehrle
Ann Arbor, Michigan
1998
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ISBN 978-0-915703-45-6 (paper)
ISBN 978-1-951519-94-0 (ebook)
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1S.anRdiyd Sgie(t Oen 2t.H. a)l sStie(taOedn 3t.P. a)l eo-IndianLsa-k-eOntario--Rice
Regi4o.In n.d ioafNn osrA tmhe rica--ImplemeLnaktRese -g-i5Oo.nSn tt.ao rnieo --Rice
implements--LOankRteea gri6io.Eon x-.c- aRviactei ons (ArchaLeaokleo gy)--Ontario--Rice
Regi7o.Rn i.cL ea kRee gi(oOnn t.)--Antiquities.
I.TitIlISe.e. r ies
E78.05J33 1998
971.3'67--dc21 98-36996
Thpea puesrei dnt hpiusb limceaetttihsroe en q uiroeftm hAeeNn StSIst anZd3a.9r4 d8 -1984
(PermaonfPe anpceer )
Contents
View of sites, i
List of tables, ix
List of illustrations, x
Foreword, by Henry T. Wright, xiii
Acknowledgments, xvii
CHAPTER 1 GAINEY AND REGIONAL PALEO-INDIAN STUDIES, 1
Introduction, 1
The Gainey Phase, 2
Age of Gainey, 3
Hypotheses for Testing, 4
Regional Sampling, 4
CHAPTER 2 GAINEY PHASE TECHNOLOGY: A GREAT LAKES VIEW, 7
Fluted Points and Phases, 7
Phases, Diagnostics, and Lithic Sources, 8
Gainey Sites in Ontario, 9
Theoretical Constructs, 11
Raw Materials and Procurement, 12
Discussion, 16
Rice Lake Deglaciation and Occupation Sequence, 17
CHAPTER 3 SANDY RIDGE: A GAINEY LOGISTICAL CAMP, 21
History of Investigation, 21
Site Situation, 21
Test Excavation; 22
Excavation Methodology, 23
Site Features, 27
Feature 1, 27
Feature 2, 30
Feature 3, 31
Feature 4, 32
Feature 5, 32
Other Features, 34
Phytolith Analysis, 34
Artifact Distributions, 35
Uniface Distributions and Spatial Patterns, 36
CHAPTER 4 SANDY RIDGE ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS, 39
U nifacial Tools, 39
End Scrapers, 39
Trianguloid End Scrapers, 39
v
Fluted End Scrapers, 41
Rectanguloid End Scraper, 41
End and Concave Side Scraper, 42
Large Parallel-Sided End Scraper, 42
Proximal End Scraper Hafts, 42
Indeterminable End Scrapers, 44
Side Scrapers, 44
Denticulates, 45
Modified Flakes, 45
Uniface/Scraper Fragments, 45
Gravers, 45
Flake Gravers, 45
U niface/Gravers, 45
Biface/Gravers, 45
Bifacial Tools, 45
Pieces Esquillees, 46
Lateral Perforators, 46
Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes, 47
Other Debitage, 49
Gainey Definition at Sandy Ridge, 49
Residential or Logistical, 50
CHAPTER 5 HALSTEAD: A GAINEY RESIDENTIAL CAMP, 51
History of Investigation, 51
Site Situation, 51
Test Excavation, 51
Excavation Methodology, 52
Site Features, 52
Feature 1, 52
Feature 2, 54
Feature 3, 54
Feature 4, 54
Faunal Analysis, 56
Residue Analysis, 57
Phytolith Analysis, 58
Artifact Distributions, 59
Uniface Distributions and Spatial Activity, 59
Biface Distributions and Spatial Activity, 60
Debitage Analysis and Site Partitions, 61
Artifact Assemblages and Proximity Relationships, 62
Feature Event Assemblages, 62
CHAPTER 6 HALSTEAD ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS, 69
Unifacial Tools, 69
End Scrapers, 69
Trianguloid End Scrapers, 69
Rectanguloid End Scrapers, 72
End Scraper Haft, 72
vi
Side Scrapers, 72
Side Scraper/Perforators, 75
Bend-Break Tools, 75
Gravers, 75
Flake Gravers, 75
Biface (Edge)/Gravers, 76
Uniface/Gravers,77
Denticulates, 78
Modified Flakes, 78
Uniface Fragments, 78
Bifacial Tools, 78
Fluted Point, 78
Pieces Esquillees, 78
Channel Flakes, 80
Other Bifaces, 80
Other Tools, 81
Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes, 81
Biface Flakes, 82
Other Debitage, 83
Reduction Flakes, 83
Flat Flakes, 83
U nifaceIFlat Flakes, 84
A Gainey Residential Camp, 84
Gainey Definition at Halstead, 86
CHAPTER 7 SANDY RIDGE AND HALSTEAD ASSEMBLAGE COMPARISONS, 87
Introduction, 87
Tool Classes, 87
Debitage Classes, 88
Tool and Debitage Ratios, 90
Artifact Types, 91
End Scrapers, 91
Trianguloid End Scrapers-Attribute Analysis, 94
Discussion, 95
Trianguloid End Scrapers and Hafting, 96
Channel Flakes, 101
Lateral Perforators, 103
Pieces Esquillees, 104
Other Bifaces, 106
Biface Flakes, 107
Flat Flakes, 109
Ventral Scraper Retouch Flakes, 110
Reduction Flakes, 110
Chert Banding, 110
Raw Material Use, 111
Uniface/Scraper Bit Length, 113
Tool Use, Curation, and Site Function, 114
Sandy Ridge, Halstead and Rice Lake, 117
vii
CHAPTER 8 GAINEY ASSEMBLAGES, SITES, AND REGIONS, 119
Introduction, 119
Assemblage Composition, 119
Gainey and Parkhill Trianguloid End Scrapers, 121
Logistical Organization and Settlement Systems, 129
Activity and Assemblages, 129
Feature Event Units, 130
Feature Configuration, 132
Hypotheses Tested, 135
Site Types and Settlement Systems, 136
Gainey Phase Indicators, 136
Conclusion, 137
References, 139
ApPENDIX PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS AT THE SANDY RIDGE AND HALSTEAD SITES: LATE PLEISTOCENE
MICROENVIRONMENTS, by Anita Buehrle
Introduction and Purpose, 145
Phytolith Production, 145
Identification of Phytoliths, 146
Tabulation of Phytoliths, 147
Laboratory Methods, 147
Results, 147
Conclusions, 150
References cited; 150
Appendix A Tables and Figures
TableAI. Food in a northern tamarack bog, 148
Figure AI. Sandy Ridge scraper retouch density and location of phytolith samples, 152
Figure A2. Halstead scraper retouch density and location of phytolith samples, 153
Figure A3. Tabulation sheet used in the quantification of phytoliths, 154
Figure A4. Surface pinch/control sample at Sandy Ridge, 155
Figure AS. Detailed breakdown of phytolith categories at Sandy Ridge, 156
Figure A6. Breakdown of Gramineae at Sandy Ridge, 157
FigureA7. Breakdown of arboreal vegetation at Sandy Ridge, 158
Figure A8. Broad vegetaion types at Sandy Ridge, 159
Figure A9. Contaminated "floor" sample from the Halstead site, 160
Figure AlD. Surface pinch sample at the Halstead site, 161
Figure A 11. Broad vegetation categories at the Halstead site, 162
Figure A12. Breakdown of Gramineae at the Halstead site, 163
Figure A13. Breakdown of arboreal vegetation at the Halstead site, 164
Figure A 14. Detailed breakdown of phytolith categories at the Halstead site, 165
viii
Tables
1. Tool types at six early Paleo-Indian sites in the Rice Lake region, 14
2. Proximity relationships and physiographic attributes of Rice Lake early Paleo-Indian
sites, 15
3. Sandy Ridge calcined bone identifications, 27
4. Sandy Ridge Feature 3 lithic inclusions, 28
5. Sandy Ridge Feature 4 lithic inclusions, 29
6. Sandy Ridge Feature 5 lithic inclusions, 30
7. Sandy Ridge site end scraper measurements, 42
8. Sandy Ridge site unifaces, side scrapers and scraper fragments, 44
9. Sandy Ridge site flake/gravers, uniface/gravers and biface gravers, 47
10. Sandy Ridge site pieces esquillees and lateral perforators, 49
11. Halstead Feature 3 lithic inclusions, 55
12. Halstead Feature 4 lithic inclusions, 56
13. Halstead site faunal assemblage measurements, 60
14. Halstead site crystal quartz artifacts with probable ochre staining, 61
15. Halstead site end scraper measurements, 71
16. Halstead site scrapers and scraper fragments, 74
17. Halstead site flake gravers on Collingwood chert, 79
18. Halstead site unifacial tool fragments, 79
19. Halstead Collingwood chert projectile points and pieces esquil!ees, 82
20. Halstead site channel flakes on Collingwood chert, 82
21. Halstead site Collingwood chert reduction flakes, 85
22. Tool representation at Sandy Ridge and Halstead, 88
23. Sandy Ridge and Halstead debitage and tools, 89
24. Tool and debris counts at Sandy Ridge and Halstead, 91
25. Sandy Ridge and Halstead end scraper means, 95
26. Sandy Ridge and Halstead end scraper bits, 96
27. Ranges, means and standard deviations for Sandy Ridge site trianguloid end scrapers, 97
28. Ranges, means, and standard deviations for Halstead site trianguloid end scrapers, 98
29. Sandy Ridge site scraper attributes, 99
29a. Legend for tables of scraper attributes, 99
30. Halstead site scraper attributes, 100
31. Halstead site channel flakes on Collingwood chert, 102
32. Murphy site channel flakes on Collingwood chert, 103
33. Culloden Acres and Snary site channel flakes, 104
34. Comparative mean channel flake measurements on Ontario Gainey sites, 105
35. Gainey site channel flakes on Upper Mercer chert, 106
36. Mean proximal channel flake measurements for Gainey and Parkhill phase sites, 107
37. Comparative channel flake measurements for Gainey and Parkhill phase sites, 108
38. Rectangular pieces esquiltees on Gainey phase sites, 109
39. Rectangular pieces esqui/lees dimensions, 111
ix