The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics PDF
Preview The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics
The SAGE Encyclopedia of THEORY IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS The SAGE Encyclopedia of THEORY IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS 1 Edited by James Mattingly Georgetown University FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2023 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, no 2455 Teller Road part of this work may be reproduced or distributed in any form or Thousand Oaks, California 91320 by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without E-mail: [email protected] permission in writing from the publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. All third party trademarks referenced or depicted herein are included 1 Oliver’s Yard solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their 55 City Road respective owners. Reference to these trademarks in no way indicates London, EC1Y 1SP any relationship with, or endorsement by, the trademark owner. United Kingdom Printed in the United States of America SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area ISBN: 9781483347721 Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 18 Cross Street #10-10/11/12 China Square Central Singapore 048423 Acquisitions Editor: Kaitlin Ciarmiello This book is printed on acid-free paper. Development Editor: Sanford Robinson Production Editor: Astha Jaiswal Copy Editor: Hurix Digital Typesetter: Hurix Digital Proofreaders: Dennis Web, Ellen Brink, Theresa Kay and Wendy Jo Dymond Indexer: Sheila Hill Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Gabrielle Perretta 22 23 24 25 26 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Volume 1 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xi About the Editor xv List of Contributors xvii Introduction xxi Entries A 1 G 299 B 57 H 343 C 113 I 363 D 209 J 423 E 229 K 429 F 279 L 439 Volume 2 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xi Entries M 501 T 893 N 603 U 931 p 629 V 935 R 767 W 945 S 799 Appendix: Resource Guide 957 Index 961 List of Entries Abduction Concept Abstract Knowledge Conceptual Analysis Abstraction Conceptual Blending Accuracy Consilience Actor-Network Theory Cosmology Ad Hoc Hypothesis Cybernetics, 20th Century Analysis Applicability of Mathematics in Science Data and Phenomena Artificial Intelligence Data Mining. See Big Data Assumption Data Models Astronomy. See Cosmology Deduction Authority Developmental Systems Theory Axiom Schema Axiomatic Theory Ecology. See Environmental Studies; Natural Resources Belief Revision Empiricism. See Epistemology; Evidence; Big Data Experiment, Theory of Biochemistry, 19th Century Engineering, Contemporary Biochemistry, 20th Century Engineering, History of Biochemistry, Contemporary Environmental Studies Bioinformatics Epistemology Biology, Evolutionary Evidence Biophysics, 19th Century Evolutionary Psychology Biophysics, 20th Century Experiment, Theory of Biophysics, Contemporary Explanation Biopsychosocial Model Biostatistics Fact Versus Theory Falsifiability Category Theory Formal Sciences Cell Theory Framework Chemistry Church–Turing Thesis Game Theory Climate Science Generalization Cognitive Science Genetic Drift Communication Theory, Technical Overview Geology Complementary Medicine Geometry, Classical Completeness Geometry, Non-Euclidean Complex Systems Geophysics. See Geology Computer Science. See Cybernetics, 20th Century; Germ Theory Software Engineering; Big Data Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems vii viii List of Entries Health Care Science Metatheory Hypothesis Testing Meteorology. See Climate Science Hypothetico-Deductivism Modeling Induction Nanotechnology Infectious Disease Studies Natural Resources Inference Natural Selection Inference to the Best Explanation Neuroscience Inferentialism Number Theory. See Mathematics, 19th Century; Informatics Mathematics, 20th Century Information Theory Information Theory, Historical Background Paraconsistency Instrumentalism Paradigm Interpretation Paradoxes Intuition Perturbation Theory Intuitionism in Logic and Mathematics Phenomenalism Philosophy of Mind Justification Philosophy of Science Physical Theory Kinetic (Molecular) Theory Physics, Antiquity Knowledge Physics, Contemporary Physics, Enlightenment Laws, Scientific Physics, Gravitation Theory Laws of Nature Physics, Middle Ages Life Sciences, Contemporary Physics, 19th Century Linguistic Frameworks Physics, Quantum Theory Linguistics, Contemporary Physics, Renaissance Linguistics, Historical Physics, Solid-State Logic, Formal and Informal Physics, Thermodynamics Logic, Inductive Physics, 20th Century Logic and Language Plate Tectonics Logical Theory Pragmatism Prediction Mathematics, Antiquity Pseudoscience Mathematics, Enlightenment Punctuated Equilibrium Mathematics, Middle Ages Mathematics, 19th Century Rational Mechanics Mathematics, Renaissance Rationality Mathematics, 20th Century Realism in Mathematics Measurement Realism in Science. See Scientific Medicine, Antiquity Realism Medicine, Contemporary Reasoning Medicine, Enlightenment Received View of Theories. See Theory, Medicine, Middle Ages Syntactic Conception Medicine, 19th Century Refutation Medicine, Renaissance Relative Consistency Medicine, 20th Century. See Medicine, Contemporary; Medicine, 19th Century Scientific Realism Mental Models Scientific Revolutions Metaphysics Semantics (Introduction to Theory) List of Entries ix Semantics (Scientific and Empirical) Taxonomy Set Theory Theory Change Social Construction of Scientific Theory Construction Knowledge Theory Structure Software Engineering Theories, Semantic Conception of Soundness Theories, Syntactic Conception of Speculation Thought Experiments, Scientific and Philosophical Statistical Inference, Bayesian Truth Statistical Inference, Frequentist Statistics Understanding Statistics, Completeness in Structuralism (Introduction to Values in Science Theory) Vitalism Syntax (Introduction to Theory) Syntax (Scientific and Empirical) Warrant Systems Science Worldview
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