The Sage encyclopedia of social science research methods PDF
Preview The Sage encyclopedia of social science research methods
GENERAL EDITORS MichaelS.Lewis-Beck AlanBryman TimFutingLiao EDITORIAL BOARD LeonaS.Aiken ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe R.MichaelAlvarez CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena NathanielBeck UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andNewYorkUniversity NormanBlaikie FormerlyattheUniversityofScience, MalaysiaandtheRMITUniversity,Australia LindaB.Bourque UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles MarilynnB.Brewer OhioStateUniversity,Columbus DerekEdwards LoughboroughUniversity,UnitedKingdom FloydJ.Fowler,Jr. UniversityofMassachusetts,Boston MartynHammersley TheOpenUniversity,UnitedKingdom GuillerminaJasso NewYorkUniversity DavidW.Kaplan UniversityofDelaware,Newark MaryMaynard UniversityofYork,UnitedKingdom JaniceM.Morse UniversityofAlberta,Canada MartinPaldam UniversityofAarhus,Denmark MichaelQuinnPatton TheUnionInstitute&University, Utilization-FocusedEvaluation,Minnesota KenPlummer UniversityofEssex,UnitedKingdom CharlesTilly ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork JeroenK.Vermunt TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands KazuoYamaguchi UniversityofChicago,Illinois Copyright © 2004 by SAGEPublications,Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGEPublications,Inc. 2455,Teller Road Thousand Oaks,California 91320 E-mail:[email protected] SAGEPublications Ltd. 6,Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom SAGEPublications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42,Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lewis-Beck,Michael S. The SAGEencyclopedia of social science research methods/Michael S. Lewis-Beck,Alan Bryman,Tim Futing Liao. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7619–2363–2 (cloth) 1. Social sciences—Research—Encyclopedias. 2. Social sciences—Methodology—Encyclopedias. I. Bryman,Alan. II. Liao,Tim Futing. III. Title. H62.L456 2004 300.!72—dc22 2003015882 03 04 05 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquisitions Editor: Chris Rojek Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Developmental Editor: Eileen Haddox Editorial Assistant: Sara Tauber Production Editor: Melanie Birdsall Copy Editors: Gillian Dickens,Liann Lech,A. J. Sobczak Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Mattson Publishing Services,LLC Indexer: Sheila Bodell Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya Contents ListofEntries,vii Reader’sGuide,xix Contributors,xxv AbouttheEditors,xli Preface,xliii Introduction,xlv Entries VOLUME I: A–F 1–412 VOLUME II: G–P 413–886 VOLUME III: Q–Z 887–1208 Appendix:Bibliography,1209 Index,1267 List of Entries Abduction Autocorrelation.SeeSerialCorrelation Access Autoethnography Accounts Autoregression.SeeSerialCorrelation ActionResearch Average ActiveInterview AdjustedR-Squared.SeeGoodness-of-Fit BarGraph Measures;MultipleCorrelation;R-Squared Baseline Adjustment BasicResearch Aggregation BayesFactor AIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures Bayes’Theorem,Bayes’Rule Algorithm BayesianInference Alpha,SignificanceLevelofaTest BayesianSimulation.SeeMarkovChain AlternativeHypothesis MonteCarloMethods AMOS(AnalysisofMomentStructures) BehaviorCoding AnalysisofCovariance(ANCOVA) BehavioralSciences AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA) Behaviorism AnalyticInduction Bell-ShapedCurve Anonymity Bernoulli AppliedQualitativeResearch BestLinearUnbiasedEstimator AppliedResearch Beta ArchivalResearch Between-GroupDifferences ArchivingQualitativeData Between-GroupSumofSquares ARIMA Bias Arrow’sImpossibilityTheorem BIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures ArtifactsinResearchProcess Bimodal ArtificialIntelligence Binary ArtificialNeuralNetwork.SeeNeuralNetwork BinomialDistribution Association BinomialTest AssociationModel BiographicNarrativeInterpretiveMethod(BNIM) Assumptions BiographicalMethod.SeeLifeHistoryMethod AsymmetricMeasures Biplots AsymptoticProperties BipolarScale ATLAS.ti BiserialCorrelation Attenuation BivariateAnalysis AttitudeMeasurement BivariateRegression.SeeSimple Attribute Correlation(Regression) Attrition BlockDesign Auditing BLUE.SeeBestLinearUnbiasedEstimator AuthenticityCriteria BMDP Autobiography BonferroniTechnique vii viii THESAGEENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIALSCIENCERESEARCHMETHODS Bootstrapping ClusterSampling BoundedRationality Cochran’sQTest Box-and-WhiskerPlot.SeeBoxplot Code.SeeCoding Box-JenkinsModeling Codebook.SeeCodingFrame Boxplot Coding CodingFrame CAIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures CodingQualitativeData CanonicalCorrelationAnalysis Coefficient CAPI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection CoefficientofDetermination Capture-Recapture CognitiveAnthropology CAQDAS(Computer-AssistedQualitative CohortAnalysis DataAnalysisSoftware) Cointegration CarryoverEffects Collinearity.SeeMulticollinearity CART(ClassificationandRegressionTrees) ColumnAssociation.SeeAssociationModel CartesianCoordinates CommonalityAnalysis Case Communality CaseControlStudy ComparativeMethod CaseStudy ComparativeResearch CASI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection ComparisonGroup CatastropheTheory CompetingRisks Categorical ComplexDataSets CategoricalDataAnalysis ComponentialAnalysis CATI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection ComputerSimulation CausalMechanisms Computer-AssistedDataCollection CausalModeling Computer-AssistedPersonalInterviewing Causality Concept.SeeConceptualization, CCA.SeeCanonicalCorrelationAnalysis Operationalization,andMeasurement CeilingEffect Conceptualization,Operationalization, Cell andMeasurement CensoredData ConditionalLikelihoodRatioTest CensoringandTruncation ConditionalLogitModel Census ConditionalMaximumLikelihoodEstimation CensusAdjustment ConfidenceInterval CentralLimitTheorem Confidentiality CentralTendency.SeeMeasures ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis ofCentralTendency Confounding CentroidMethod ConsequentialValidity CeterisParibus Consistency.SeeParameterEstimation CHAID Constant ChangeScores ConstantComparison ChaosTheory Construct Chi-SquareDistribution ConstructValidity Chi-SquareTest Constructionism,Social ChowTest Constructivism ClassicalInference ContentAnalysis ClassificationTrees.SeeCART ContextEffects.SeeOrderEffects ClinicalResearch ContextualEffects ClosedQuestion.SeeClosed-EndedQuestions ContingencyCoefficient.SeeSymmetricMeasures Closed-EndedQuestions ContingencyTable ClusterAnalysis ContingentEffects ListofEntries ix ContinuousVariable DemocraticResearchandEvaluation ContrastCoding DemographicMethods Control DependentInterviewing ControlGroup DependentObservations ConvenienceSample DependentVariable ConversationAnalysis DependentVariable(inExperimentalResearch) Correlation DependentVariable(inNonexperimentalResearch) CorrespondenceAnalysis DescriptiveStatistics.SeeUnivariateAnalysis Counterbalancing DesignEffects Counterfactual Determinant Covariance Determination,Coefficientof.SeeR-Squared CovarianceStructure Determinism Covariate DeterministicModel CoverStory Detrending CovertResearch DeviantCaseAnalysis Crame´r’sV.SeeSymmetricMeasures Deviation CreativeAnalyticalPractice(CAP)Ethnography Diachronic Cressie-ReadStatistic Diary CriterionRelatedValidity DichotomousVariables CriticalDiscourseAnalysis DifferenceofMeans CriticalEthnography DifferenceofProportions CriticalHermeneutics DifferenceScores CriticalIncidentTechnique Dimension CriticalPragmatism Disaggregation CriticalRaceTheory DiscourseAnalysis CriticalRealism Discrete CriticalTheory DiscriminantAnalysis CriticalValues DiscriminantValidity Cronbach’sAlpha Disordinality Cross-CulturalResearch Dispersion Cross-Lagged Dissimilarity Cross-SectionalData Distribution Cross-SectionalDesign Distribution-FreeStatistics Cross-Tabulation DisturbanceTerm CumulativeFrequencyPolygon DocumentsofLife Curvilinearity Documents,Typesof Double-BlindProcedure DangerinResearch DualScaling Data DummyVariable DataArchives DurationAnalysis.SeeEventHistoryAnalysis DataManagement Durbin-WatsonStatistic Debriefing DyadicAnalysis Deception DynamicModeling.SeeSimulation DecileRange Deconstructionism EcologicalFallacy Deduction EcologicalValidity DegreesofFreedom Econometrics Deletion EffectSize DelphiTechnique EffectsCoding DemandCharacteristics EffectsCoefficient
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