COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. The SAGE Encyclopedia of LIFESPAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. The SAGE Encyclopedia of LIFESPAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Editor Marc H. Bornstein National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Editor-in-Chief, Parenting: Science and Practice Associate Editors Martha E. Arterberry Colby College Karen L. Fingerman The University of Texas at Austin Jennifer E. Lansford Duke University COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized Thousand Oaks, California 91320 in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including E-mail: [email protected] photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. All trade names and trademarks recited, referenced, or reflected 1 Oliver’s Yard herein are the property of their respective owners who retain all rights 55 City Road thereto. London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Printed in the United States of America. SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India Names: Bornstein, Marc H., editor. SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. Title: The SAGE encyclopedia of lifespan human development / 3 Church Street editors, Marc H. Bornstein, National Institute of Child Health & #10-04 Samsung Hub Human Development, Bethesda, MD, Martha E. Arterberry, Colby Singapore 049483 College, Karen Fingerman The University of Texas at Austin, Jennifer E. Lansford, Duke University. Description: First Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, [2018-] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017061091 | ISBN 9781506307657 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Developmental psychology—Encyclopedias. | Acquisitions Editor: Andrew Boney Human growth—Encyclopedias. | Social evolution—Encyclopedias. Assistant Editor: Jordan Enobakhare Developmental Editor: S anford Robinson Classification: LCC BF713 .S24 2018 | DDC 155.03—dc23 LC record Production Editor: Kimaya Khashnobish available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017061091 Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Copy Editors: Hurix Digital Typesetter: Hurix Digital Proofreaders: Caryne Brown, Eleni-Maria Georgiou, Sue Irwin, Sally Jaskold, Penny Sippel, Alison Syring Indexer: Robie Grant Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Jennifer Bourque 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. Contents Volume 1 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xvii About the Editor xxix About the Associate Editors xxxi Contributors xxxiii Introduction liii Entries A 1 C 293 B 217 Volume 2 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xvii Entries C (cont.) 463 F 831 D 515 G 913 E 685 Volume 3 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xvii Entries G (cont.) 959 K 1231 H 1015 L 1241 I 1093 M 1317 J 1221 COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. Volume 4 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xvii Entries M (cont.) 1427 Q 1793 N 1477 R 1803 O 1531 S 1879 P 1565 Volume 5 List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xvii Entries S (cont.) 1917 V 2289 T 2199 W 2311 U 2279 Index 2329 Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community. SAGE publishes more than 1000 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. Our growing selection of library products includes archives, data, case studies and video. SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the company’s continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. List of Entries Ability Analogical Reasoning Academic Achievement Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Accidents Anemia Accommodation and Assimilation Anger and Aggression Acculturation Animism Achievement Anorexia Nervosa Action Antisocial/Conduct Disorder, Externalizing Activities Behaviors Activity Theory Anxiety Adaptation Appetite Adaptive Functioning Aptitude Addiction Architecture Adolescence Argument Adolescent–Parent Relationships Art Adoption Asceticism Adoption Design Assessment and Testing Adult Attachment Assisted Imitation Adult Capacity and Legal Guardianship Assisted Living Adult Children Assisted Reproductive Technologies Adult Day Services Asthma Adult Development Athletics Advance Directive Attachment Adversity Attention Advertising Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Aesthetics Attitudes Affective Forecasting Attraction, Interpersonal Age Discrimination Attractiveness Age-Irrelevant Society Attributions Ageism Authority Agency. See Action Autism Spectrum Disorders Ages and Stages Autobiographical Memory Aggression Autoimmune Disease Aging Automaticity Alcohol Use Autonomic Nervous System Alcohol Use Disorders Autonomy-Supportive Parenting Alcoholism. See Alcohol Use Disorders Awareness Allergy Awe Allostatic Load Altruism Beanpole Families Alzheimer’s Disease Beauty vii COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. viii List of Entries Behavior Genetics Classrooms Behavior Therapy Climate and Environment Behavioral Inhibition (Shyness) Cliques and Social Groups Beliefs Close Relationships Bereavement Closure and Grief Big Data Coaching Big Five Personality Traits Cognition Bilingual Education Cognitive Atypicality Bilingualism Cognitive Development Binge Drinking Cognitive Health Binge Eating Disorder. See Bulimia Cognitive Schemas Bioecological Model Cognitive Training and Cognitive Intervention Biomedical Research Cohabitation Biometric Data Cohort Birth Order College Education, Long-Term Benefits of Birth, Biological Perspective College Education, Obtaining a Birth, Evolutionary Perspective Community Blindness Community Violence Body Image Comorbidity. See Multimorbidity and Multiple Body Mass Index Diseases Brain Compassion Brain Development Competence Versus Performance Bridge Employment Compression of Morbidity Bulimia Computer Science Bullying Computers and the Internet Conflict-Affected Countries, Children Caloric Restriction and Adolescents in Cancer Conformity Capacity Building Connectome Cardiac Psychology Conscience Cardiovascular Disease Consciousness Career Choice Conservation Caregiver Stress Conservatism Caregivers of Older Adults Consumption Case Study Contexts of Development Categorization Continuing Care Retirement Communities Causality Continuity–Discontinuity Issue Causation Convoy Model Census Cooperation Centenarian Coparenting Central Nervous System Coping Character Strengths and Virtues Core Knowledge Child Abuse and Neglect Corporal Punishment Childcare Correlational Study Child Maltreatment Cortisol Chronic Illnesses Cosleeping Chronic Stressors Creativity Circadian Rhythms Crime Civic Engagement Crisis Civic Socialization Critical Thinking COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. List of Entries ix Cross-Pollination in Cognitive Development Diet Crowdsourcing Differential Treatment Crying Difficult Children Cults Digital Divide Cultural Socialization Disability Culture Disasters, Civil and Natural Cumulative Advantage and Risk Discipline Curriculum Discriminating Sociability Cyberbullying Discrimination. See Prejudice and Discrimination Dance Disease Dating Disgust Deafness Dismissive-Avoidant Individuals Death and Dying, Children’s Understanding of Dissent Death Rates, Leading Causes by Developmental Diverse Families. See Stepfamilies; Stepfamilies Period and Blended Families Death with Dignity Acts Divorce Debriefing (Methods) Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Order Deception Domestic Violence/Partner Violence Decision-Making Doubt Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Down Syndrome Pensions Dreaming Delinquency Driving and Mobility in Late Life Dementia/Major Neurocognitive Disorder. See Dual-Earner Family Neurocognitive Disorders Dyadic Data Demographic Transition Dyadic Regulation Demography Dynamic Systems Theory Depression Dyslexia Development Developmental Assets and Developmental Early Childcare Relationships Early Childhood Development Developmental Cascades Early Deprivation Developmental Continuity and Stability Early Intervention Developmental Continuity, Perceptions of Eating Disorders Developmental Discontinuity and Instability Ecological Validity Developmental Disturbances Ecology Developmental Milestones. Educational Attainment See Developmental Timetables Effortful Control Developmental Niche Ego Development Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Egocentrism Developmental Plasticity Elder Abuse Developmental Psychopathology Embodiment Developmental Science Emerging Adulthood Developmental Tasks Emotional Expression Developmental Theory Emotional Intelligence Developmental Timetables Emotion-Focused Coping Developmental Trajectories Emotion Regulation Diabetes Emotions Diary Methods Emotion Socialization Diathesis–Stress Model Empathy COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc. x List of Entries Empirical Evidence Film Employment Finances Empty Nest Flow End-of-Life Care Focus Groups Entrepreneurship Food Insecurity Epidemiology Forgiveness Epigenetics Foster Care Equifinality Versus Multifinality Fragile X Syndrome Erectile Dysfunction Frailty Eriksonian Theory Fraternal Twins. See Twin Studies; Twins Ethics Free Will Ethnic–Racial Socialization Friendships Ethnicity Future Orientation (Time) Ethnographic Study Ethnotheories Gang Involvement Ethology Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Evolution Issues Evolutionary Theories of Aging Gender Evolutionary Theory Gender Development Executive Control Gender Identity Development Executive Functioning Gender Socialization Exercise Gene–Environment Correlations Experience-Dependent, Experience-Expectant Gene–Environment Interplay Processes Generativity Experimental Research Methods Generosity Expertise Genetic Anomalies Exposome Genetics Extracurricular Activities Genocide Eyewitness Testimony Genomics Geography Facial Expressions, Perception of Gerontology Fairness Gestures Familism Giftedness Family Chaos Glass Ceiling Family Contexts Global Child and Maternal Health Family Life Cycle Global Developmental Science Family Rituals Goals Family Synchrony God Family Systems Good Death Fantasy–Reality Distinction Goodness of Fit Fathering Government Fear Grandchildren Fearful-Avoidant Individuals Grandparents Feeding Disorders Gratitude Fertility Grief Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Grit Fetal Origins Hypothesis Growth Curve Modeling Field Experiments and Longitudinal Factor Analysis Filial Anxiety Guided Participation Filial Piety Guilt COPYRIGHT 2018 SAGE Publications, Inc.