The Russian Revolution PDF
Preview The Russian Revolution
Richard Pipes’s THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION “Masterful and timely … [Pipes’s] history blends uncannily with today’s … headlines.… A brilliantly focused portrait.” —Newsweek “Pipes’s compellingly written account … is … a masterful culmination of his lifelong investigations of the revolutionary period.” —Newsday “A truly impressive piece of scholarship … A fascinating treatise, certain to become the basic research text on the subject.” —Philadelphia Inquirer “Panoramic … The first attempt in any language to offer a comprehensive study of the Russian Revolution … Pipes is not a mere communicator of facts but a philosopher examining the deeper, broader trends beneath the surface of history.” —San Francisco Chronicle “Like his illustrious predecessor among students of revolutions, Alexis de Tocqueville, Pipes has a broad, sweeping view.… An imposing achievement … His craftsmanship as a writer … serves him well.” —Boston Globe “Pipes is an extremely knowledgeable and careful historian.… This is probably the best overall study of those momentous events … a good, important book.” —Cleveland Plain Dealer ALSO BY RICHARD PIPES The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (1964) Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (1970) Russia under the Old Regime (1974) Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (1980) Survival Is Not Enough (1984) Russia Observed (1989) FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, DECEMBER 1991 Copyright © 1990 by Richard Pipes Maps copyright © 1990 by Bernhard H. Wagner All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in hardcover by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, in 1990. Owing to limitations of space, acknowledgment of permission to reprint previously published material will be found on this page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution/Richard Pipes.—1st Vintage Books ed. p. cm. Reprint. Originally published: New York: Knopf, 1990. eISBN: 978-0-30778857-3 1. Soviet Union—History—Revolution, 1917–1921. 2. Soviet Union—History—Nicholas II, 1894–1917. I. Title. [DK265.P474 1991] 947.084′I—dc20 91-50008 v3.1 To the victims CONTENTS Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction PART ONE The Agony of the Old Regime 1 1905: The Foreshock University disturbances of 1899 as beginning of revolution Plehve and Zubatov outbreak of Russo-Japanese War, Plehve assassinated and replaced by Mirskii: the great Zemstvo Congress (November 1904) “Bloody Sunday” tsarism tries moderate reforms the debacle of Tsushima and talk of a representative body university turmoil resumes and leads to general strike Witte advises concessions emergence of St. Petersburg Soviet the October Manifesto Witte forms cabinet and represses radicals; nationwide pogroms 1905 as apogee of Russian liberalism 2 Official Russia Patrimonialism Nicholas and Alexandra the bureaucracy ministries conservative and liberal officialdom economic development undermines autocracy the army the gentry the Orthodox church 3 Rural Russia Household, village, and commune land shortage industrial workers peasant mentality peasant attitudes to law and property changes in peasant mood after 1900 4 The Intelligentsia Its European origins sociétés de pensée socialism as ideology of the intelligentsia the ideal of a “new man” emergence of Russian intelligentsia revolutionary movement in nineteenth century Russia the Socialists-Revolutionaries Russian liberals 5 The Constitutional Experiment Monarchy and constitutionalism the Fundamental Laws of 1906 elections to the Duma the First Duma Stolypin Stolypin represses terror his agrarian reforms the Second Duma and the electoral law of June 3, 1907 Stolypin’s political difficulties begin the Western zemstvo crisis Stolypins murder assessment of Stolypin Russia on the eve of World War I 6 Russia at War Strategic preparations and Russia’s readiness for war early campaigns: East Prussia and Galicia Russian debacle in Poland, 1915 changes in government emergence of the Progressive Bloc and Nicholas’s assumption of high command bringing society into limited partnership in the war effort 7 Toward the Catastrophe Inflation the Brusilov offensive rise of tension in the country food crisis Protopopov the liberals decide to attack Duma sessions of November 1916 assassination of Rasputin last days at Tsarskoe Selo plots against the Imperial family 8 The February Revolution Mutiny of Petrograd garrison the Duma hesitates to claim power emergence of Petrograd Soviet and of its Executive Committee Duma and Soviet agree on formation of Provisional Government Order No. 1 abdication of Nicholas II Michael refuses the crown early actions of Provisional Government Soviet undermines the government land, Constituent Assembly, and war aims revolution spreads nationwide ex-tsar returns to Tsarskoe Selo extraordinary rapidity of Russia’s breakdown PART TWO The Bolsheviks Conquer Russia
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