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The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria, 1552-1740: A Case Study in Imperialism PDF

224 Pages·1968·3.563 MB·English
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THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF BASHKIRIA A Case Study in Imperialism YALE RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES 7 THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF BASHKIRIA 1552-1740 A Case Study in Imperialism by ALTON S. DONNELLY New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1968 Copyright © 1968 by Yale University. Designed by John О. C. McCrillis, set in Baskerville type, and printed in the United States of America by Connecticut Printers, Inc., Hartford, Connecticut. Distributed in Canada by McGill University Press. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Library of Congress catalog card number: 68-13903 To George V. Lantzeff Preface Many have written of the open frontier as one of the dominating themes in Russian history. Although Russian literature on this subject is extensive. Western studies are still relatively scarce. In recent years a number of European and American scholars have been remedying the deficiency, but much remains to be explored before a reasonably complete picture of this history can be drawn. The subject should be of particular interest to Americans because of the parallels with their own frontier history. Students of im­ perialism and colonialism should also find much that is thought- provoking in the Russian experience. This work treats one aspect of that story. To describe the Russian conquest of Bashkiria, I have had to deal with a number of problems that cannot be easily resolved. First, the expansion of the Russian state into areas inhabited by non-Russian peoples brings up the complex and almost insoluble problem of how to discuss objectively an aggressive, imperialist subjugation of an alien people. A complete treatment of the sub­ ject from the other side would depend on access to written mate­ rials in the native languages. Unfortunately, few have survived other than letters addressed to the Russian Court. In some cases facsimiles and translations have been included in Russian docu­ mentary collections. Another difficulty in dealing justly with the colonial peoples is the bias reflected in the Russian documents. This bias amounts to the belief that, regardless of the motives and actions of the Russian government in expanding into foreign terri­ tory, the conquest in the long run had progressive results, because the cultural level of the Russians was higher than that of the con­ quered. Even at the present time this is the attitude taken by Rus­ sian specialists on the subject. American historians meet a similar problem in treating American westward expansion at the expense of the native Indian tribes. I set for myself the task of examining Russian colonial policies and activities. This has inevitably resulted in slighting the view­ point of the conquered peoples. I have tried to look dispassionately into Russian motives and actions and to understand them from the VIII PREFACE Russian side. Nevertheless, my narrative attempts to provide more than a hint of what that conquest meant in human terms to the other peoples involved. The study of frontier history in these terms, it may be remarked, has only begun to attract serious schol­ arly attention.1 Finding a rational system for transliterating and spelling names from a variety of European and Asiatic languages has been a prob­ lem beyond my solution. The difficulties are sometimes compounded by the appearance of names in the eighteenth century documents in forms so distorted it is impossible to determine what the original was. Names in European languages using Latin alphabets have been spelled as in the original language, Bühren, for example, rather than Biron. Mongolian, Persian, and Turkic names appear in Anglicized forms when they are commonly, or even not so com­ monly known. Alternative spellings are added in parentheses to the most important ones. As for Bashkir names, these required the most difficult decision. Bashkir is now written in a modified Cyril­ lic alphabet which transliterates readily into Russian. Therefore, I have transliterated from the Russian renderings, primarily be­ cause few scholars know Bashkir, and most who meet the Bashkirs in works other than this one will meet them in Russian accounts. I express my gratitude to the late Professor George V. Lantzeff, who first directed me into the subject, to professors V. A. Riasanov- sky, Nicholas V. Riasanovsky and Wolfram Eberhard, for their kindness in reading the typescript and offering thoughtful com­ ments, and to the anonymous readers of the Press who suggested many improvements. I owe much also to Professor Kenneth Owens at Northern Illinois University, a student of America’s westward expansion, for his encouragement and his critical eye in the matter of organization, style, and for illuminating comparisons and con­ trasts with American experience on the frontier. Finally, I am grateful to my parents for their long-term moral and economic support, and to my wife, Kathleen Donnelly, for her unflagging in­ terest, encouragement, and assistance. A. S. D. State University of New York Binghamton, New York l. The theoretical issues on which this viewpoint is based are discussed in Robert Redfield, The Primitive World and Its Transformations (Ithaca, 1953), and Herbert Lüthy, “Colonization and the Making of Mankind/’ Journal of Economic History, 21 (December 1961), 483-95. Contents Preface vii Chapter i Introduction i Chapter 2 The Southeastern Frontier: Lands and Peoples 6 Geography and Climate 6 The Peoples 8 Russian Expansion to the Southeast 12 Administration of the Frontier Area 17 Chapter 3 Moscow and Bashkiria 19 Early Russian Relations with the Bashkirs 19 Russian Tactics 26 Composition of the Russian Frontier Forces 29 Relations with the Kazakhs 33 Chapter 4 The Southeastern Frontier During the Reign of Peter the Great 38 Policies of Peter the Great in Central Asia 39 Relations with the Kazakhs 41 The Russian-Bashkir Struggle 45 Russian Strategy on the Southeastern Frontier 50 Chapter 5 The Origins of the Orenburg Project, 1725-34 54 The Tevkelev Mission to the Kazakhs, 1730-32 54 The Orenburg Project 59 Chapter 6 The Orenburg Expedition, 1734-35 64 Another Colonial War Begins 72 Kirillov's Policies 75 Chapter 7 Kirillov's War, 1735-37 82 The Spring and Summer of 1736 82 Relations with the Kazakhs 87 The Fall and Winter of 1736-37 89 Kirillov's Last Days 94 X CONTENTS Chapter 8 Tatishchev Takes Command, 1737-39 96 New Policies 97 Causes of the New Outbreak 99 The Summer and Fall of 1737 102 The Relocation of Orenburg 105 The December Conference of 1737 106 The Kazakhs Interfere in Bashkiria 109 The Summer and Fall Campaign of 1738 116 The Dismissal of Tatishchev 119 Chapter 9 The “Pacification" of Bashkiria 123 Initial Problems 123 Karasakal, “Khan of Bashkiria" 126 Relations with the Kazakhs 133 Last Problems and New Pressure on the Kazakhs 135 Chapter 10 Colonial Administration on the Southeastern Frontier 139 Administrative Oiganization 139 Tribute and Other Obligations 148 Russian Colonial Courts, Religious Administration, Corruption of Officials, and Other Problems 152 Economic Policies 154 The Defensive Lines and Their Garrisons 161 Conclusions 172 Appendixes 175 Bibliography 179 Maps Distribution of the Peoples c. 1700 195 The Southeastern Frontier Area in 1700 196 Bashkiria in the Eighteenth Century 198 Index 201

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