The Routledge Research Companion to Security Outsourcing

337 Pages·2016·24.425 MB·English

by  Joakim Berndtsson, Christopher Kinsey

THE ROUTLEDGE RESEARCH COMPANION

TO SECURITY OUTSOURCING
Conveniently structured into five sections, The Routledge Research Companion to Security Outsourcing
offers an overview of the different ways in which states have come to rely on private contractors to
support interventions.
Part One puts into context the evolution of outsourcing in Western states that are actively involved
in expeditionary operations as well as the rise of the commercial security sector in Afghanistan. To
explain the various theoretical frameworks that students can use to study security/military outsour-
cing, Part Two outlines the theories behind security outsourcing. Part Three examines the law and
ethics surrounding the outsourcing of security by focusing on how states might monitor contractor
behaviour, hold them to account and prosecute them where their behaviour warrants such action. The
drivers, politics and consequences of outsourcing foreign policy are covered in Part Four, which is
divided into two sections: section one is concerned with armed contractors (providing the provision
of private security with the main driver being a capability gap on the part of the military/law enforce-
ment agencies), and section two looks at military contractors (supporting military operations right
back to antiquity, less controversial politically and often technologically driven). The final Part takes
into consideration emerging perspectives, exploring areas such as gender, feminist methodology, mari-
time security and the impact of private security on the military profession.
This book will be of much interest to students of military and security studies, foreign policy and
International Relations.
Joakim Berndtsson is Associate Professor at the School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg,
Sweden.
Christopher Kinsey is Reader in Business & International Security at Kings College London, UK.
‘This volume presents a comprehensive selection of the latest research analyzing the challenges, com-
plexities, and ambiguities surrounding the diverse state of strategic outsourcing to private security in
conflict settings. Anyone curious about how this crucial development has dramatically transformed the
global security landscape would find this to be an invaluable reference.’
Robert Mandel, Lewis & Clark College, USA
‘An essential reader’s guide to security outsourcing in high risk or conflict environments, bringing
together established and new scholars from a variety of disciplines to focus on how and why govern-
ments decide to use market rather than public actors in dealing with international security challenges.
It is a refreshing and original contribution to the field of the privatisation of security that will appeal to
academic, policy and general audiences.’
Christopher Dandeker, King’s College London, UK
THE ROUTLEDGE

RESEARCH COMPANION
TO SECURITY
OUTSOURCING
Edited by
Joakim Berndtsson, University of Gothenburg
Christopher Kinsey, King’s College London
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 selection and editorial matter, Joakim Berndtsson and Christopher Kinsey;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Joakim Berndtsson and Christopher Kinsey to be identified as the authors of
the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 9781472426833 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781315613376 (ebk)
Typeset in Perpetua
by Out of House Publishing
CONTENTS

List of Figures and Tables ix
List of Contributors x
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction 1
JOAKIM BERNDTSSON AND CHRISTOPHER KINSEY
PART I
The Outsourcing Context: The Evolution of Security Outsourcing 7
1 Supporting the Troops: Military Contracting in the United States 9
MARTHA LIZABETH PHELPS
2 Outsourcing Military Logistics and Security Services:
The Case of the United Kingdom 20
CHRISTOPHER KINSEY
3 Dissecting Military and Security Outsourcing in Canada’s Expeditionary
Culture: Afghanistan and the Future 30
CHRISTOPHER SPEARIN
4 Coercion and Capital in Afghanistan: The Rise, Transformation and Fall
of the Afghan Commercial Security Sector 41
CHRISTIAN OLSSON
5 A ‘Pacifist’ Approach to Military Contracting: How German History
Explains Its Limited Use of Private Security Companies 52
BIRTHE ANDERS
v
CONTENTS
PART II
Theorising Security Outsourcing 63
6 The Evolution of Private Force 65
SEAN MCFATE
7 Money for Nothing? Contractor Support from an Economic Perspective 76
EUGENIO CUSUMANO
8 Critical Perspectives on Military Markets 87
ANNA LEANDER
9 Outsourcing and Risk: From the Known to the Unknown 97
ELKE KRAHMANN
10 Merchants of Security: Private Security Companies, Strategy and the
Quest for Power 109
MARCUS MOHLIN
PART III
The Law, Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of
Outsourcing Security 117
11 Contractors and the Law of Armed Conflict 119
MALCOLM HUGH PATTERSON
12 Contract Law as Cover: Curtailing the Scope of Private Military and
Security Contractor Responsibilities 130
HIN-YAN LIU
13 Socially Responsible Security Providers? Analysing Norm Internalisation
among Private Security Providers 148
AILEEN ACHESON
14 Regulating Human Rights in the Context of Outsourcing Military Logistics
and Armed Security 160
SORCHA MACLEOD
15 Democratic States, War and Private Security Companies: The Ethical Puzzles 171
MERVYN FROST
vi
CONTENTS
16 The Contractor as the New Cosmopolitan Soldier 181
ANDREAS KRIEG
17 Is It Ethical for States to Prevent Their Citizens from Working as TCN
Military and Security Contractors? 191
DEANE-PETER BAKER
PART IV
Armed Security Contractors and Military Contractors: Drivers,
Politics and Consequences 199
18 What Is Driving the Outsourcing of Diplomatic Security? 201
EUGENIO CUSUMANO AND CHRISTOPHER KINSEY
19 Reconfiguring Power and Insecurity in the Afghan Context: The
Consequences of Outsourcing Security in High-risk Societies 211
ÅSE GILJE ØSTENSEN
20 Industry and Support to UK Contemporary Military
Operations: A Practitioner’s Strategic Military Perspective 222
DAVID SHOUESMITH
21 The Politics of Outsourcing Military Support Services 231
MARK ERBEL
22 The Consequences of Outsourcing Military Support Functions 241
MOLLY DUNIGAN
PART V
Emerging Perspectives: Issues of Gender, Military Professionals
and Maritime Private Security 255
23 The Culture of Whiteness in Private Security 257
AMANDA CHISHOLM
24 The Issue of Gender and Armed Contractors 270
JUTTA JOACHIM AND ANDREA SCHNEIKER
25 Security Outsourcing and Critical Feminist Inquiry: Taking Stock
and Looking Forward 282
MARIA STERN
vii
CONTENTS
26 Private Maritime Security: Assemblage in a Space of Exception? 293
ALEX GOULD
27 Private Security, Military Professionals and the State 302
JOAKIM BERNDTSSON
Conclusion 312
JOAKIM BERNDTSSON AND CHRISTOPHER KINSEY
Index 316
viii
FIGURES AND TABLES

Figures
13.1 Illustrating progression of the CSR norm in PSCs 151
Tables
9.1 Risk mitigation practices 104
13.1 Indicators as defined by key features of internalisation of CSR 154
22.1 Services provided under the LOGCAP and BSC contracts over time 246
22.2 LOGCAP and BSC dates, locations, and costs 248
22.3 LOGCAP costs per soldier, per year have stayed relatively constant over
time; were larger on certain task orders 249
ix