Table Of Content

THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORY OF POLICE BRUTALITY IN AMERICA This handbook offers a comprehensive historical overview and analysis of police brutality in US history and the variety of ways it has manifested itself. Police brutality has been a defining controversy of the modern age, brought into focus most readily by the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis and the mass protests that occurred as a result in 2020. However, the problem of police brutality has been consistent throughout American history. This volume traces its history back to Antebellum slavery, through the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, the two world wars and the twentieth century, to the present day. This handbook is designed to create a generally holistic picture of the phenomenon of police brutality in the United States in all of its major lived forms and confronts a wide range of topics including: • Race • Ethnicity • Gender • Police reactions to protest movements (particularly as they relate to the counterculture and opposition to the Vietnam War) • Legal and legislative outgrowths against police brutality • The representations of police brutality in popular culture forms like film and music • The role of technology in publicizing such abuses, and the protest movements mounted against it The Routledge History of Police Brutality in America will provide a vital reference work for students and scholars of American history, African American history, criminal justice, sociology, anthropology, and Africana studies. Thomas Aiello is professor of history and Africana studies at Valdosta State University. He is the author of more than 20 books and dozens of peer-reviewed journal articles. He holds PhDs in history and anthrozoology. THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORIES The Routledge Histories is a series of landmark books surveying some of the most important topics and themes in history today. Edited and written by an international team of world-renowned experts, they are the works against which all future books on their subjects will be judged. The Routledge History of the Domestic Sphere in Europe Edited by Joachim Eibach and Margareth Lanzinger The Routledge History of Poverty, c. 1450–1800 Edited by David Hitchcock and Julia McClure The Routledge History of the Second World War Edited by Paul R. Bartrop The Routledge History of U.S. Foreign Relations Edited by Tyson Reeder The Routledge Global History of Feminism Edited by Bonnie G. Smith and Nova Robinson The Routledge History of Emotions in the Modern World Edited by Katie Barclay and Peter N. Stearns The Routledge History of Modern Latin American Migration Edited by Andreas E. Feldmann, Xóchitl Bada, Jorge Durand and Stephanie Schütze The Routledge History of Loneliness Edited by Katie Barclay, Elaine Chalus and Deborah Simonton The Routledge History of Police Brutality in America Edited by Thomas Aiello The Routledge History of Antisemitism Edited by James Wald, Mark Weitzman, and Robert Williams For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Histories/book-series/RHISTS THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORY OF POLICE BRUTALITY IN AMERICA Edited by Thomas Aiello Designed cover image: Protest against police killing people of color in the USA (Black Lives Matter), Vermont State House and surrounding streets, Montpelier, VT, USA. John Lazenby/ Alamy Stock Photo. First published 2023 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Thomas Aiello; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Thomas Aiello to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-0-367-62610-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-62615-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-10996-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003109969 Typeset in Bembo by MPS Limited, Dehradun CONTENTS List of Tables x List of Figures xi Introduction 1 Thomas Aiello SECTION 1 Police Brutality and Race Before World War II 11 1 Slavery and the Transformation of Southern Policing 13 Glenn McNair 2 Policing in Gilded Age Urban Hubs 25 Malcolm D. Holmes 3 Mob Brutality in Robert Charles’s New Orleans 38 Adam Malka 4 Urban Policing and Race Riots in the Era of World War I and the Red Summer 49 Adam J. Hodges 5 “Killers Who Hide Behind Badges”: Race and Police Brutality in the Jim Crow South 61 Jeffrey S. Adler v Contents SECTION 2 Police Brutality and Unionism in the United States 73 6 Policing the Nineteenth-Century American Labor Movement 75 Matthew Hild 7 Police Unions and Violence in the Twentieth Century United States 85 Lisa Phillips SECTION 3 Police Brutality and Race After World War II 95 8 The Policing of Black Resistance in World War II 97 Margarita Aragon 9 American Policing and the Struggle for Black Civic Rights 108 Jonathan Simon 10 Walking the Tightrope of Self-Defense: Imagery, Rhetoric, and Commemoration of the Black Panther Party 117 Cheryl X. Dong 11 “I don’t mind dying”: Police Violence, Resistance, and the Urban Uprisings of the 1960s 132 Max Felker-Kantor SECTION 4 Police Brutality Against Immigrant and Ethnic Groups 145 12 Vigilante Policing in Asian American Communities in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 147 Stephanie Hinnershitz 13 Latinx Populations and Policing 159 Lorena Oropeza 14 Islamophobia: Supplement for Anti-Black Racism and Policing 182 Stephen Sheehi 15 From A. Mitchell Palmer to Joe McCarthy: Police Brutality in the Fight Against Communism 196 Regin Schmidt vi Contents SECTION 5 Police Brutality and Protest in the Era of Vietnam 209 16 Behind the Billy Club: Chicago Police and the Violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention 211 Frank Kusch 17 Police Brutality and the Student Movements of the 1960s 224 Kathryn Schumaker SECTION 6 The Legal and Legislative History of Police Brutality 237 18 Police Brutality and the Nonhuman 239 Thomas Aiello 19 Brutality at the Bar: The Supreme Court and Police Misconduct 250 Thomas Aiello 20 Chasing the Illusion of Police Reform under Capitalism 260 Jillian Aldebron and Rodney Green 21 President’s Task Force on Twenty-First-Century Policing 281 Frederick W. Turner II and Brent Hoosac SECTION 7 Cultural Representations in Literature, Music, and Film 299 22 Not Only Compton: Gangster Rap, Policing, and Protest 301 Felicia Angeja Viator 23 Police Violence in Film from Blaxploitation to New Black Realism 314 Katharine Bausch 24 Police Brutality and the Black Arts Movement 324 James E. Smethurst 25 From Dragnet to Brooklyn 99: How Cop Shows Excuse, Exalt, and Erase Police Brutality 333 Susan A. Bandes vii Contents SECTION 8 Alterity and Brutality in the Late-Twentieth Century 345 26 Policing, the Bar, and Resistance 347 William Elijah Hicks 27 Anti-Brutality Activism and Neighborhood Anti-Crime Activism During the 1970s 364 Christopher Lowen Agee 28 The Multiple Meanings of the Assault on Rodney King: Revisiting Grassroots Discourse After the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992 376 Kamran Afary 29 Police Brutality in 1990s New York City: The Scars of Zero Tolerance and community Struggles for Justice 388 Paula Ioanide 30 Enacting and Enabling Violence: Policing Indigenous Communities 404 Barbara Perry SECTION 9 Police Brutality in the Twenty-First Century 421 31 Make Visible: Akua Njeri, Breonna Taylor, and Critical Amplification of Police Brutality 423 Aaminah Norris, Nalya A. F. Rodriguez, Maha Elsinbawi, Abigail Cohen, and Dale Allender 32 #BlackLivesMatter 436 Louis M. Maraj 33 Smartphones as Technologies of Accountability: Exposing and Investigating Police Brutality Using Smartphone Cameras 448 Ajay Sandhu 34 Police Brutality and the Militarization of Policing 460 Lesley J. Wood viii Contents SECTION 10 Conceptual and Pragmatic Issues in Police Brutality 471 35 To End Police Brutality, We Must End the Police 473 Meghan G. McDowell 36 Police Terror as Totality: Reformism and the Ensemble of Counterinsurgency 485 Dylan Rodríguez 37 Police Unions: The Police Shield for Abuse and Brutality in America 497 Perry L. Lyle 38 All It Takes Is One Block: A Case Study of the History of Police Brutality in Public Health 513 Alyasah Ali Sewell Index 524 ix