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The Routledge Handbook of Post-Prohibition Cannabis Research The place of cannabis in global drug prohibition is in crisis, opening up new directions for socially engaged cannabis research. The Routledge Handbook of Post-Prohibition Cannabis Research invites readers to explore new landscapes of cannabis research under conditions of legalization with, not after, prohibition: “post-prohibition.” The chapters are organized into five multidisciplinary sections: Governance, Public Health, Markets and Society, Ecology and the Environment, and Culture and Social Change. Case studies from the United States, Uruguay, Morocco, and the United Kingdom show readers alternative ways of thinking about human–cannabis relationships that move beyond questions of legality and illegality. Representing a cross-section of cannabis scholarship, the contributors provide readers with critical perspectives on legalization that are not based upon orthodoxies of prohibition. While legalization signals a global shift in the legitimacy of cannabis research, this collection identifies openings for academics, policy makers, and the public interested in ending the drug war, as well as a way to address broader social problems evident in the age of neoliberal governance within which prohibition has been entangled. Dominic Corva is Founder and Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Cannabis and Social Policy, Co-Director of the Humboldt Institute of Interdisciplinary Marijuana Research at Humboldt State University (HSU), and Cannabis Policy Specialist for the California Center for Rural Policy at HSU. He received his PhD in geography from the University of Washington, Seattle. Joshua S. Meisel is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Humboldt Institute for Interdisciplinary Marijuana Research at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. He is also a member of the Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium. His research focuses on the sources and consequences of cannabis policy. He received his PhD in sociology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. The Routledge Handbook of Post-Prohibition Cannabis Research Edited by Dominic Corva and Joshua S. Meisel First published 2022 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Taylor & Francis The right of Dominic Corva and Joshua S. Meisel to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Corva, Dominic, editor. | Meisel, Joshua S., editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of post-prohibition cannabis research : multidisciplinary perspectives / edited by Dominic Corva and Joshua S. Meisel. Description: New York : Routledge, 2021. Identifiers: LCCN 2020054818 | ISBN 9780367335434 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032009452 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429320491 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Cannabis—Social aspects—United States. | Cannabis—Government policy—United States. | Cannabis—Law and legislation—United States. Classification: LCC HV5822.C3 R68 2021 | DDC 362.29/50973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020054818 ISBN: 978-0-367-33543-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-00945-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-32049-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9780429320491 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xi Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction to Post-Prohibition 1 Dominic Corva and Joshua S. Meisel SECTION 1 Governance 23 2 Notes on a Post-Prohibition Research Agenda 27 Craig Reinarman 3 Legalization and Prohibition: Breaks, Continuities, and the Shifting Terms of Racial-Capitalist Governance 36 Michael Polson 4 Growing Pains: Marijuana Legalization in Maine 44 Wendy Chapkis 5 Cannabis, Settler Colonialism, and Tribal Sovereignty in California 53 Kaitlin Reed 6 Five Years of Cannabis Regulation: What Can We Learn From the Uruguayan Experience? 63 Marcos Baudean 7 Medical Cannabis in the UK: The (False) Dawn of a New Era? 81 Melissa Bone and Gary R. Potter v Contents SECTION 2 Public Health 91 8 Deep Respect After Profound Neglect: Spiritual Health and Safety for Use of Cannabis and Other Entheogens in an Integrative Public Health System 95 Sunil Kumar Aggarwal 9 Opioids and Substance Abuse: Cannabis as a Harm Reduction Tool 105 Adrianne Wilson-Poe 10 Cannabis in Exercise and Sport 117 Whitney Ogle 11 Utilizing Community-Based Participatory Research in Cannabis Knowledge Formation 128 Trecia Ehrlich 12 Health and Safety of Cannabis Workers 135 Marc B. Schenker and Chelsea E. Langer SECTION 3 Markets and Society 145 13 The Economic Impact of State Regulations and Taxes on Legal and Illegal Cannabis Markets 149 Robin S. Goldstein and Daniel A. Sumner 14 The Cannabis Enigma: Navigating the Inequitable Tax, Banking, and Insurance Milieu in the United States 162 Joshua Zender 15 A Labor Studies Approach to Cannabis 174 Marty Otañez 16 Cannabis Corporate Social Responsibility: A Critical and Mixed-Method Approach 183 Marty Otañez and David Vergara 17 Consumer Activism, Sustainable Supply Chains, and the Cannabis Market 192 Elizabeth A. Bennett 18 Zero Point Three: Current and Future Directions in the Political Economy of Medicinal Hemp 201 Noah Silber-Coats vi Contents SECTION 4 Ecology and the Environment 217 19 Industrializing Cannabis? Socio-Ecological Implications of Legalization and Regulation in California 221 Christopher Dillis, Michael Polson, Hekia Bodwitch, Jennifer Carah, Mary E. Power, and Nathan F. Sayre 20 The Environmental Impact of Cannabis Liberalization: Lessons From California 231 Anthony Silvaggio 21 Energy Use by the Indoor Cannabis Industry: Inconvenient Truths for Producers, Consumers, and Policy Makers 243 Evan Mills and Scott Zeramby 22 Two Rural Industries Intersecting Over Time: Cannabis Production and Ecological Restoration in the Mattole Valley, California, USA 266 Erin Clover Kelly and Marisa Lia Formosa 23 Cannabis Seed in the Rif Region of Morocco: The Commodification of Nature and the Construction of a Contested International Market 275 Kenza Afsahi SECTION 5 Culture and Social Change 291 24 Flipping the Script on Cannabis Stigma: Legitimacy Strategies of Medical Cannabis Patients 295 Michelle Newhart and William Dolphin 25 Pleasure and the New Normal of Recreational Cannabis in the United States 306 Ingrid Walker 26 Changing the Face of the Stoner: Images of Race and Gender in Cannabis Legalization Campaigns in the United States 314 Katie Kaufman Rogers 27 Marijuana in the Media During the Regulation Era in Uruguay, 2013–2017 323 Sebastián Aguiar, Mauricio Coitiño, Florencia Lemos, and Clara Musto 28 The Intersection of Cannabis Reform and Other Progressive Movements: Opportunities for Interdisciplinary Researchers 336 Amanda Reiman vii Contents 29 Conflict and Consensus When Worlds Collide: The Intersection of Cannabis Citizen Science and Academia 347 Michelle Sexton 30 Post-Prohibition Cannabis Research Futures 356 Joshua S. Meisel and Dominic Corva Index 367 viii Figures 13.1 Number of retailers remaining in each data collection period from the original panel of 542 cannabis retailers in seven California counties listing prices on Weedmaps on 10/1/2016 156 13.2 California retail price ranges for 1 oz cannabis flower, October 2016–July 2018 157 13.3 California retail price ranges for 1/8 oz cannabis flower, October 2016–July 2018 158 13.4 California retail price ranges for 500 mg cannabis oil cartridges, October 2016–July 2018 160 19.1(A) California Department of Food and Agriculture Cultivation Licenses by County—2018 225 19.1(B) Typical number of cultivation licenses per parcel, California—2019 225 21.1 Modes of energy use associated with cannabis production, distribution, and sale 244 21.2 Cannabis energy intensity from Mills (2012) 247 21.3 California’s Coachella Valley is the site of 10% of the state’s wind energy production 253 27.1 Evolution of public opinion about cannabis regulation in Uruguay 324 27.2 Distribution in time of pieces in the corpus, 2013–2017 325 27.3 Dendrogram of authorities and institutions 328 27.4 Multidimensional scaling of actors 328 27.5 Evolution of the occurrence of grouped actors by topic evaluation (frames) 331 27.6 Evolution of simplified frames per year (number of occurrences) 332 ix