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THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT This Handbook inverts the lens on development, asking what Indigenous communities across the globe hope and build for themselves. In contrast to earlier writing on development, this volume focuses on Indigenous peoples as inspiring theorists and potent political actors who resist the ongoing destruction of their livelihoods. To foster their own visions of development, they look from the present back to Indigenous pasts and forward to Indigenous futures. Key questions: • How do Indigenous theories of justice, sovereignty, and relations between humans and non-humans inform their understandings of development? • How have Indigenous people used Rights of Nature, legal pluralism, and global governance systems to push for their visions? • How do Indigenous relations with the Earth inform their struggles against natural resource extraction? • How have native peoples negotiated the dangers and benefits of capitalism to foster their own life projects? • How do Indigenous peoples in diaspora and in cities around the world contribute to Indigenous futures? • How can Indigenous intellectuals, artists, and scientists control their intellectual property and knowledge systems and bring into being meaningful collective life projects? The book is intended for Indigenous and non-Indigenous activists, communities, scholars, and students. It provides a guide to current thinking across the disciplines that converge in the study of development, including geography, anthropology, environmental studies, development studies, political science, and Indigenous studies. Katharina Ruckstuhl is a Māori (Ngāi Tahu and Rangitāne) Associate Professor at the Otago Business School, University of Otago, Aotearoa New Zealand. Irma A. Velásquez Nimatuj is a Maya-K’iche’ Guatemalan journalist, social anthropologist, and international spokeswoman who has been at the forefront in struggles for respect for Indig- enous cultures. John-Andrew McNeish is Professor of International Environment and Development Studies at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) in Oslo, Norway. Nancy Postero is a Professor of Sociocultural Anthropology at the University of California San Diego in the United States. THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF INDIGENOUS DEVELOPMENT Edited by Katharina Ruckstuhl, Irma A. Velásquez Nimatuj, John-Andrew McNeish, and Nancy Postero Coordinating Editor Nancy Postero Cover image: © Rachel Ruckstuhl-Mann First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Katharina Ruckstuhl, Irma A. Velásquez Nimatuj, John-Andrew McNeish, and Nancy Postero; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Edited by Katharina Ruckstuhl, Irma A. Velásquez Nimatuj, John-Andrew McNeish, and Nancy Postero to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ruckstuhl, Katharina, editor. | Velásquez Nimatuj, Irma Alicia, editor. | McNeish, John-Andrew, editor. | Postero, Nancy Grey, editor. Title: The Routledge handbook of indigenous development / edited by Katharina Ruckstuhl, Irma A Velásquez Nimatuj, John-Andrew McNeish and Nancy Postero. Other titles: Handbook of indigenous development Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Series: Routledge international handbooks | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022023928 (print) | LCCN 2022023929 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367697426 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367720230 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003153085 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Indigenous peoples--Social conditions. | Indigenous peoples--Ethnic identity. | Sustainable development. | Community development. Classification: LCC GN380 .R59 2022 (print) | LCC GN380 (ebook) | DDC 305.8--dc23/eng/20220707 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022023928 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022023929 ISBN: 978-0-367-69742-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-72023-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-15308-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003153085 Typeset in Bembo by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Cover Image by Rachel Ruckstuhl-Mann: This image was developed in relation to narratives around the formation of our known world, centred on Kāi Tahu narratives of Ōtepoti, Dunedin in Aotearoa New Zealand. There is Te Waka o Aoraki, the waka [canoe] that was overturned to create Te Waipounamu, The South Island. There are the gourds or calabashes overturned from a later waka, Araiteuru, to form rocks off the East Coast. There is the volcano, now worn away by water, that formed te Awa o Ōtākou, known as Otago Harbour, where Ōtepoti or Dunedin is now centred. There is the Puaka-Matariki constellation, an important marker of time, community and activity, as well as a navigational tool for our ancestors. The night sky shines through all of these as a background and the basis from which all has come from, and to which all will return, as our grandparents and ancestors have become ngā whetu or stars and guiding lights, reminding us of the future within our past. The unfolding koru, in a mangōpare or hammerhead shark design, shows the power of the earth as expressed through lava, heat, fire, and energy that has been built from within the centre of Papatūānuku, the Earth Mother. It is directed upwards and outwards, building the mass of the earth as an ongoing process. The volcano itself is transparent, as it is still temporary in the scale of the universe, with the two rivers that will wear it away over millennia. CONTENTS List of Figures xiii List of Tables xv List of Contributors xvi Introduction: Indigenous Futurities: Rethinking Indigenous Development 1 Katharina Ruckstuhl, Irma A. Velásquez Nimatuj, John-Andrew McNeish, and Nancy Postero PART I Retheorizing Development 17 Nancy Postero, Editor 1 Indigenous Development as Flourishing Intergenerational Relationships 19 Krushil Watene 2 Violent Colonialism: The Doctrine of Discovery and its Historical Continuity 28 Rigoberto Quemé Chay 3 Capitalism and Development 37 Sarah A. Radcliffe 4 Refusing Development and the Death of Indigenous Life 46 Isabel Altamirano-Jiménez 5 Two-Spirit Issues in Development 56 Margaret Robinson and Naomi Bird vii Contents 6 The Struggles of Tseltal Women and Caring for the Earth: Reflections on Sustaining Life-Existence in Times of the Pandemic 65 Vicky Velasco and Mariana Mora 7 Towards a Plurinational State in Guatemala 74 Ollantay Itzamná 8 Pluck the Stars from the Sky: The Pluriverse of Adivasi Health in India 83 Megan Moodie PART II Law, Self-Governance, and Security 93 John-Andrew McNeish, Editor 9 The Inca and Indigenous Development: Recalling a Native American Empire in South America 95 Paul S. Goldstein 10 Indians and the State: Negotiating Progress, Modernity, and Development in Bolivia 104 Carmen Soliz 11 The Constituent Process in Chile (2019–2022) from the Perspective of Indigenous Peoples 113 Juan Jorge Faundes Peñafiel 12 Negotiating Legal Pluralism and Indigenous Development: Lessons from Bolivia 123 Magalí Vianca Copa Pabón, Amy Kennemore, and Elizabeth López Canela 13 Sámi Political Shifts: From Assimilation via Invisibility to Indigenization? 134 Eva Josefsen 14 Reflections on a Career in Indigenous Intellectual Property Ngā Taonga Tuku Iho 144 Aroha Te Pareake Mead in conversation with Sequoia Short 15 Maya K’iche’ Community Responses to Gender Violence in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala 152 Rachel Sieder 16 Reconceptualizing Gendered Violence: Indigenous Women’s Life Projects and Solutions 162 Lynn Stephen viii Contents 17 Indigenous Autonomy: Opportunities and Pitfalls 171 John Cameron and Wilfredo Plata 18 The Implementation Paradox: Ambiguities of Prior Consultation and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) for Indigenous Peoples’ Agency in Resource Extraction in Latin America 181 Riccarda Flemmer 19 Indigenous-Led Spaces in Environmental Governance: Implications for Self-Determined Development 190 Almut Schilling-Vacaflor and Maria-Therese Gustafsson PART III Relations with the Earth 201 John-Andrew McNeish, Editor 20 The Role of Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Planetary Well-Being 203 Deborah McGregor, Danika Littlechild, and Mahisha Sritharan 21 Building Kiai Futures: Puuhonua o Puuhuluhulu and Protecting Mauna Kea 212 Cameron Grimm 22 Place Attachment, Sacred Geography, and Solidarity: Indigenous Conceptions of Development as Meaningful Life in Mongolia and Norway 219 Andrei Marin and Mikkel Nils Sara 23 Development and Territorial Control 228 Joe Bryan and Kiado Cruz 24 Indigenous Peoples: Extraction and Extractivism 237 John-Andrew McNeish 25 Rights of Nature: Law as a Tool for Indigenous-Led Development 246 Craig Kauffman 26 Indigenous Peoples and International Institutions: Indigenous Peoples’ Diplomacies at the United Nations 256 Tomohiro Harada 27 Science, Technology, and Indigenous Development 267 Katharina Ruckstuhl and Maria Amoamo ix