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The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in the Asia-Pacific revisits the use, growth, and potential of the cultural landscape methodology in the conservation and management of culture-nature heritage in the Asia-Pacific region. Taking both a retrospective and prospective view of the management of cultural heritage in the region, this volume argues that the plurality and complexity of heritage in the region cannot be comprehensively understood and effectively managed without a broader conceptual framework like the cultural landscape approach. The book also demonstrates that such an approach facilitates the development of a flexible strategy for heritage conservation. Acknowledging the effects of rapid socio-economic development, globalization, and climate change, contributors examine the pressure these issues place on the sustenance of cultural heritage. Including chapters from more than 20 countries across the Asia-Pacific region, the volume reviews the effectiveness of theoretical and practical potentials afforded by the cultural landscape approach and examines how they have been utilized in the Asia-Pacific context for the last three decades. The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in the Asia-Pacific provides a comprehensive analysis of the processes of cultural landscape heritage conservation and management. As a result, it will be of interest to academics, students, and professionals who are based in the fields of cultural heritage management, architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, and landscape management. Kapila D. Silva is a Professor of Architecture in the School of Architecture and Design at the University of Kansas, USA. Ken Taylor, Emeritus Professor, is an Honorary Professor at the Centre for Heritage & Museum Studies, Research School of Humanities and Arts at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. David S. Jones oversees Strategic Planning and Urban Design for the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation in Djilang/Geelong and Ballaarat/ Ballarat in Australia. Routledge Handbooks on Museums, Galleries and Heritage The following list includes only the most-recent titles to publish within the series. A list of the full catalogue of titles is available at: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Handbooks-on-Museums-Galleries-and-Heritage/book-series/RHMGH The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific Kapila D. Silva, Ken Taylor, and David S. Jones The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Heritage in The Asia-Pacific Edited by Kapila D. Silva, Ken Taylor, and David S. Jones Cover image: Kapila D. Silva First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Kapila D. Silva, Ken Taylor, and David S. Jones; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Kapila D. Silva, Ken Taylor, and David S. Jones to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-56938-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-56939-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-09999-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003099994 Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xv List of Contributors xvi Acknowledgments xxviii Foreword xxix RICHARD A. ENGELHARDT Introduction: Managing Cultural Landscape Heritage in the Asia-Pacific 1 KEN TAYLOR, KAPILA D. SILVA, AND DAVID S. JONES PART I Managing Cultural Landscapes for Thirty Years: A Retrospective 29 1 The Intellectual Context of the Cultural Landscape Construct 31 KEN TAYLOR 2 Concerning Intangible Associations and Authenticity in Cultural Landscapes 49 KEN TAYLOR 3 Thirty Years of World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A Critical Review 60 KRISTAL BUCKLEY 4 World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: Synergies in the Asia-Pacific Region 78 MECHTILD RÖSSLER AND AKANE NAKAMURA 5 Whither Designed Landscapes inside the World Heritage Programme in the Asia-Pacific Arena 100 DAVID S. JONES vi Contents PART II Biocultural Diversity in Cultural Landscapes 113 6 Genes and Memes in Cultural Landscape Conservation: Biocultural, Ecocultural, or Just Plain Cultural? 115 PETER BRIDGEWATER AND SURAJ UPADHAYA 7 Towards Conservation Models that Link Nature and Culture: A Retrospective on Stewardship of Biocultural Landscapes 131 JESSICA BROWN 8 Challenges of Managing IUCN Protected Landscapes in the Pacific 151 NIGEL DUDLEY AND SUE STOLTON 9 Exploring Nature-Culture Linkages beyond Cultural Landscapes: Lessons Learned from Capacity Building in Asia and the Pacific 163 MAYA ISHIZAWA, NOBUKO INABA, AND MASAHITO YOSHIDA PART III Localised Stewardship of Cultural Landscapes 181 10 Community Stewardship of Historic Urban Landscape of George Town, Penang, Malaysia 183 DAVID LOGAN AND LAURENCE LOH 11 The Role of Community in the Management of Heritage at Bagan, Myanmar 202 CHARLOTTE GALLOWAY 12 Inhabitants’ Shared Interpretation and Consistent Management of Landscapes in Korean Clan Villages 218 HAN PILWON 13 A Himalayan Landscape Shared by Bon-po Monks and Snow Leopards: Upper Dolpo, Nepal 232 KAI WEISE AND ANIE JOSHI 14 Adivāsis and Their Cultural Landscapes in India 246 SHIVANI BHATNAGAR AND SAURABH WAGH 15 Cultural Landscape Heritage of Aotearoa New Zealand: Mai i te Pōuri? From the Darkness? 266 DIANE MENZIES Contents vii 16 Tapestries of Place, Spirit, Time, Meanings and Values: The Heritage of First Nations in Australia and New Zealand/Aotearoa 281 DAVID S. JONES PART IV Re-Reading Cultural Landscapes 295 17 Cultural Landscape Conservation: The Case of Mornington Peninsula, Australia 297 DAVID S. JONES 18 Re-reading Shanghai as a Cultural Landscape: Culture brought to the Core 314 PLÁCIDO GONZÁLEZ MARTÍNEZ 19 Cultural Landscapes in the Indian Subcontinent: The Case of Military Landscapes in India and Myanmar 329 SHIKHA JAIN 20 Reinforcing Philippine Cultural Landscape Values through the Schools of Living Tradition (SLTs): Mimicry to Memory 341 ERIC BABAR ZERRUDO 21 Mapping Intangible Cultural Heritage in Asian Historic Urban Landscapes 356 KAPILA D. SILVA 22 The Ritual Landscapes of Hindu Temples 371 VINAYAK BHARNE 23 Reclaiming the Landscape of Pilgrimage: Walking the Panchkroshi in Varanasi, India 386 AMITA SINHA AND SALONI CHAWLA PART V Toward Resilient Cultural Landscapes 401 24 Cultural Landscapes of the Asia-Pacific Region: Dilemmas of Resilience 403 FABRIZIO AIMAR AND ROHIT JIGYASU 25 The Cultural Landscape of the Persian Qanat 420 NILOU VAKIL 26 Customary Knowledge and Resilience in the Cultural Landscapes of the Pacific Islands: The Village Landscape of Yap, Micronesia 436 ANITA SMITH AND KATHERINE THOMAS viii Contents 27 Hawai‘i’s Cultural Landscapes, Indigenous and Colonial: Parallel Visions 454 WILLIAM CHAPMAN 28 The Cultural Landscapes of the Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion and Seychelles: Islands of Diaspora, Slavery and Trade 483 ZAHEER ALLAM AND DAVID S. JONES 29 A Requiem to the Ailing Landscape of an Ancient Culture: Manchar Lake and the Mohannas in Pakistan 495 ANILA NAEEM 30 Use of Digital Technology in Mapping Rural Cultural Landscapes and their Human-Nature Interactions 517 CHEN YANG Index 533 Figures Cover Image: Stūpas at Swayambhunath Temple Complex, Kathmandu, Nepal (Source: Kapila D. Silva) Paradigm shift in heritage conservation (Source: Richard Engelhardt) xxxii 0.1 Doi Suthep Temple, Chiang Mai, Thailand (Source: Ken Taylor) 7 0.2 Aborigines Using Fire to Hunt Kangaroos, by Joseph Lycett [c1817] (Source: National Library of Australia PIC R5689) 9 0.3 A view of Koombana Bay on Port Leschenault, Australind, Western Australia (Source: National Library of Australia: S1113; U1144 NK502) 9 3.1 England’s Lake District was a catalyst for the introduction of World Heritage cultural landscapes in 1992. (Source: Roopert / Pixabay] 61 3.2 Fuji-san (Japan) provides an example of the pragmatism of national authorities when considering the possible World Heritage nomination strategies. (Source: Chun-San / Pixabay) 68 3.3 World Heritage Cultural Landscape of Bali Province. (Source: Kristal Buckley) 72 4.1 Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, one of the world’s most extensive and oldest aquaculture systems. (Source: Tyson Lovett-Murray / Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation) 82 4.2 Chanting of the hudhud during harvest in Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras. (Source: J. Uñalivia/NCCA-IHC) 83 4.3 Praying for the deceased returned to nature in a sacred mountain pilgrimage route of Ômine Okugakemichi, a component of “Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range” (Source: Shuichi Teramoto) 85 4.4 Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. (Source: Chinese National Cultural Heritage Administration) 86 4.5 Synergies among Conventions and Programmes. (Source: Mechtild Rössler and Akane Nakamura) 91 4.6 A view from the Seongsan Sunrise Peak, Jeju Island. (Source: Yena Lee) 92 4.7 The World Heritage Property “East Rennell” (Solomon Islands), the first natural site under customary land ownership and management inscribed on the World Heritage List. (Source: Akane Nakamura) 94 6.1 Feedbacks between cultural and biological diversity, with direct and indirect drivers of change influencing both diversities. (Source: Adapted from Bridgewater and Rotherham, 2019) 120