The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology PDF
Preview The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology This new edition of the highly acclaimed ethnographicresearch.Eachmajorentrycontains Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology pro- cross-referencesandalistoffurtherreading. videsauniqueguidetotheideas,argumentsand Areascoveredinclude,amongothers: history of the discipline. Combining anthro- pological theory and ethnography, it includes (cid:1) AIDS,ethics,violence,war 275 substantial entries, over 300 short bio- (cid:1) Affect,emotions,thebody graphies of important figures in anthropology, (cid:1) Kinship, relatedness, the person, gender, andnearly600glossaryitems. thebody The new entries reflect major changes in (cid:1) Politics,nationalismandthestate anthropology in the past decade: subdisciplines (cid:1) Cosmopolitanism, migration, race, trans- like medical anthropology have become more nationalism central to mainstream work in the discipline; (cid:1) Art,language,aesthetics,film,text recent work includes issues of gender and sexu- (cid:1) Relationswithotherdisciplines ality, and anthropology’s new ethnographic (cid:1) History of anthropology and national engagement with the central institutions of traditions modernity like finance and science. Anthro- pologyisnowanunequivocallyglobaldiscipline, AlanBarnardisProfessoroftheAnthropology sothesecondeditionexploresothertraditionsof ofSouthernAfrica,UniversityofEdinburgh.He anthropological work (Japanese anthropology, has done fieldwork in Botswana, Namibia and Latin American anthropology) as well as the SouthAfrica.BooksincludeHuntersandHerdersof processesofglobalizationitself. SouthernAfrica(1992),HistoryandTheoryinAnthropology Authoritativeentrieshavebeencommissioned (2000),andAnthropologyandtheBushman(2007). from among the world’s leading anthro- pologists. Alphabetically organized, the main Jonathan Spencer is Professor of the Anthro- entries contain clear, concise and provocative pology of South Asia at the University of Edin- explanations of key anthropological themes and burgh.HismostrecentbookisAnthropology,Politics ideas, as well as surveys of the most important and the State: Democracy and Political Violence in South ethnographic regions and regional traditions of Asia.(2007). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology Second edition Edited by Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer Firstpublished1996 byRoutledge Thissecondeditionpublishedin2010 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon.OX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270MadisonAve.,NewYork,NY100016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup ©1996and2010Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by anyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Encyclopediaofsocialandculturalanthropology/editedbyAlanBarnard,JonathanSpencer.–2nded. p.cm. Includesindex. 1.Ethnology–Encyclopedias.I.Barnard,Alan(AlanJ.)II.Spencer,Jonathan,1954- GN307.E5252009 306.03–dc22 2009019670 ISBN 0-203-86647-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-0-415-40978-0 (hbk) ISBN978-0-203-86647-4(ebk) To the memory of John H. Barnard, Jr (1923–2005) and Julia Swannell (1952–92) Editorial board Veena Das Michael Lambek Howard Morphy Peter Pels Yasushi Uchiyamada Eduardo Viveiros de Castro Contents Preface to the Second Edition viii Acknowledgements x Introduction xii How to use this book xv List of entries xvi List of contributors xx Analytical table of contents xxiv Contributions by author xxvii Entries 1 Biographical appendix 724 Glossary 754 Name index 791 Peoples and places index 804 Subject index 814 Preface to the second edition The first edition of this book was conceived in forgottencertaintiesstrewninitswake.Insteadit 1992 and published 4 years later. The editors expands in all directions, and few ideas are so were left a little tired by this experience and for bad or so old-fashioned to deserve to be com- sometimeresistedalleffortstocommittoanew pletely abandoned. So it is that for this edition edition. In the end, flattered by our publisher’s wehavebeencarefulnottoremovetoomuchof refusal to let the matter rest, we agreed to pre- the first edition, concentrating instead on parethissecondedition.Thebookyouholdisat expanding the coverage in all directions. Old once bigger than the original, but also more entries have been lightly updated and new various, to reflect anthropology’s voracious pur- entries commissioned. In a couple of cases we suit of new topics and new sites where those have replaced entries with completely new ones topics can be investigated. This new edition has onthesametopic.Wehaveaddednewnamesto 275 main entries, over 300 short biographical thebiographicalappendix,andafewnewterms entries and nearly 600 short entries in the glos- to the glossary. The new entries – counter- sary. Many of these are new additions to the insurgency, diaspora, neoliberalism, NGOs, original text, covering exciting new areas of among many others – evoke the rapidly chan- anthropological research, from affect to ethics, ging world that anthropology seeks to under- sextosovereignty. stand, and thus the sense that anthropology is Thenewentrieswehavecommissionedreflect very much a study of the contemporary as well majorchangesinanthropologyinthepastdecade: asareflectiononthepast.Sincethepublication subdisciplines like medical anthropology (AIDS, of the first edition, the intellectual baton has pharmaceuticals) have become more central to passed from one generation, all born before mainstream work in the discipline; there has 1940 (including Pierre Bourdieu, Marshall Sah- beenafluorescenceofrecentworkaroundissues linsandDavidSchneider),toanother(including of gender and sexuality (feminist anthropology, Maurice Bloch, Veena Das and Michael Herz- gayandlesbiananthropology),andanthropology feld),andtheirnamesareamongthemanynew isnow firmlyethnographically engaged withthe biographicalentries. central institutions of modernity (finance, In choosing what to add and what to revise, science). Anthropology is now an unequivocally wewerealmostentirelyguidedbythecombined globaldiscipline,sowecelebratemoretraditions expertise of our excellent editorial board. Each ofanthropologicalwork(Japaneseanthropology, member of the board was sent a copy of the LatinAmericananthropology)aswellasthepro- original edition with the instruction to highlight cesses of globalization (cosmopolitanism, trans- absences, apparent weaknesses, or entries that nationalism)itself,whereanthropologywasoften had passed their use-by date. They were also first on the intellectual field and has defined the askedtohelpthinkofpossibleauthors,especially termsofdebateacrossthehumansciences. youngerscholarswhoseworkwouldbecomethe Anthropological knowledge does not march core knowledge of the discipline in years to relentlesslyforward,leavingatrailofyesterday’s come. We collated their recommendations – Prefacetothesecondedition ix whichwereoftenasdetailedastheywerewise– this involved no more than the addition of key and added a few concerns of our own. This publications to the list of further reading, but in produced a long list of potential new entries, many other cases we have added to the sub- which we prioritized and handed over for com- stantive discussion in the entry itself, usually to missioning.Meanwhileweturnedtotheoriginal reflect more recent developments in the field in edition, and identified those entries most question.Wehavealsotakentheopportunityto obviously in need of updating. At the lightest, correctafewminorerrorsintheoriginaledition.
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