The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language Acquisition The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language ted SLA, Language and the Lexicon in SLA, Acquisition offers a user-friendly, authoritative MeasuringandResearchingSLA,Psycholingus- surveyoftermsandconstructsthatareimportantto ticsofSLA,SocialandSocioculturalApproa- understanding research in second language acqui- chestoSLA,TheoreticalConstructsinSLA. sition(SLA)anditsapplications.TheEncyclopedia (cid:1) The rest of the entries cover all the major isdesignedforuseasareferencetoolbystudents, subdisciplines,methodologiesandconceptsof researchers, teachers and professionals with an SLA, from “Accommodation” to the “ZISA interestinSLA.TheEncyclopediahasthefollowing project.” features: Writtenbyaninternationalteamofspecialists,The (cid:1) 255 alphabetized entries written in an acces- Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language siblestyle,includingcrossreferencestoother Acquisition is an invaluable resource for students related entries in the Encyclopedia and sug- gestionsforfurtherreading. andresearcherswithanacademicinterestinSLA. (cid:1) Among these, 9 survey entries that cover the foundationalareasofSLAindetail:Develop- Peter Robinson is Professor of Linguistics and ment in SLA, Discourse and Pragmatics in SecondLanguageAcquisition,DepartmentofEng- SLA, Individual Differences in SLA, Instruc- lish,AoyamaGakuinUniversity,Tokyo,Japan. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language Acquisition Edited by Peter Robinson Firstpublished2013 byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 SimultaneouslypublishedintheUK byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2013Taylor&Francis The right of the editors to be identifiedas the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyany electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used onlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Routledgeencyclopediaofsecondlanguageacquisition/editedbyPeterRobinson. p.cm. Includesindex. 1.Secondlanguageacquisition.2.Languageandlanguages.I.Robinson,PeterJake. II.Title:Encyclopediaofsecondlanguageacquisition. P118.2.R672012 4010.9303–dc23 2011043255 ISBN:978-0-415-87751-0(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-13594-5(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRomansandHelvetica byTaylor&FrancisBooks PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper. Table of Contents List of Illustrations vi Editorial Advisory Board viii List of Contributors ix List of Entries xvii Acknowledgements xxi Introduction to the encyclopedia xxii Entries A-Z 1 Index 710 List of Illustrations Figures 1 Partofaright-sortedconcordanceofimportanceintheMichiganCorpusofUpper-level StudentPapers(MICUSP) 135 2 Acorrelationof languageproficiencyandvocabularyknowledge 143 3 FonFtaxanomy 246 4 Asamplederivation 278 5 Asymbolicunit:aform-meaning link 355 6 Strengthening ofform-meaning linkovertimeafter multipleexposures 355 7 Strengthening ofform-meaning linkovertimeafter multipleexposures, withweak associationsconcerningcontextualized usagebeginningtoform 355 8 Test,construct,andcriterion 361 9 EffectsofoutputonSLAprocesses 471 10 Lexicalentriesandc-structurefor Peterownsmanydogs 515 11 A-structure, f-structureandc-structurefor WhatdoesMary eat? 516 12 Lexicalorganization asafunction ofearlyvs.latelearning ofL2.Shadedareas indicateL2(Chinese)representations 528 13 TheRevisedHierarchicalModel 559 14 AsampleSEMmodelshowingapredictiverelationshipbetween strategy use(basedonresponses toa5-section strategysurvey) andperformance onaspeakingtestcomprisingfivetasks 616 15 U-shapedlearning curve 663 16 ThePyramid Modelofwillingness tocommunicate 688 Tables 1 Schematic frequencytableof twoelements AandBandtheirco-occurrence 93 2 Observedof giveandtheditransitive intheICE-GB(with expected frequenciesinparentheses) 93 3 Selectedsoftwaretoolsforcorpusanalysis(offlineuse) 137 4 Selectedonlinecorpustools 138 5 Developmentandlearner-specificvariationin L2acquisition 169 6 Content andfunctionwords 265 7 Featuresdistinguishing BahasaIndonesianpronouns 266 8 Aschematicrepresentation ofthe constructicon 292 9 Distributionof data 294 ListofIllustrations vii 10 Implicational scale ofdata 294 11 Hypothesizedhierarchyofprocessing procedures 514 12 Developmentalstages forEnglishmorphology 515 13 Developmentalstages forEnglishsyntax: ConstituentquestionsandY/Nquestions 517 14 ATLUAnalysisof Englishnounplural-s 628 Editorial Advisory Board NiclasAbrahamsson DeanMellow StockholmUniversity,Sweden SimonFraserUniversity,Canada DwightAtkinson TerenceOdlin PurdueUniversity,USA UniversityofOhio,USA KathleenBardovi-Harlig WilliamO’Grady IndianaUniversity,USA UniversityofHawai’i,USA AlisterCumming NormanSegalowitz OntarioInstituteforStudiesinEducation, ConcordiaUniversity,Canada UniversityofToronto,Canada YasuhiroShirai RobertDeKeyser UniversityofPittsburgh,USA UniversityofMaryland,USA MichaelUllman Jean-MarcDewaele GeorgetownUniversity,USA BirkbeckCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK LeoVanLier UlrikeJessner MontereyInstituteofInternational UniversityofInnsbruck,Austria Studies,USA PatsyLightbown MarjolijnVerspoor ConcordiaUniversity,Canada UniversityofGroningen,Netherlands AlisonMackey JohnWilliams GeorgetownUniversity,USA UniversityofCambridge,UK List of Contributors RebekhaAbbuhl AlessandroBenatti CaliforniaStateUniversityatLongBeach UniversityofGreenwich NiclasAbrahamsson TejK.Bhatia StockholmUniversity SyracuseUniversity EllenBialystok MichelAchard YorkUniversity RiceUniversity HenrikeK.Blumenfeld PhillipL.Ackerman SanDiegoStateUniversity GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology MelissaBowles AgnesAlbert UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign EötvösLorándUniversity DianaBoxer EvaAlcón-Soler UniversityofFlorida UniversitatJaumeI CharlesBrowne MeijiGakuinUniversity JeanetteAltarriba UniversityatAlbany,StateUniversityof ChristopherD.B.Burt NewYork UniversityofCanterbury DwightAtkinson HeidiByrnes PurdueUniversity GeorgetownUniversity KathleenBardovi-Harlig TeresaCadierno IndianaUniversity UniversityofSouthernDenmark RobertBayley MarcusCallies UniversityofCalifornia,Davis Johannes-Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz x ListofContributors HelenCarpenter TamarDegani Upper-StoryEducationalServices UniversityofPittsburgh andConsulting RobertM.DeKeyser MaryCarroll UniversityofMaryland UniversityofHeidelberg TraceyM.Derwing SusanneE.Carroll UniversityofAlberta UniversityofCalgary Jean-MarcDewaele DevinM.Casenhiser BirkbeckCollege,UniversityofLondon YorkUniversity BrunoDiBiase MichelineChalhoub-Deville UniversityofWesternSydney UniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro BryanDonaldson AndrewCohen UniversityofTexasatAustin UniversityofMinnesota MargaretA.DuFon KimMarieCole CaliforniaStateUniversity,Chico SUNYFredonia PaolaE.Dussias JosephCollentine PennsylvaniaStateUniversity NorthernArizonaUniversity FredR.Eckman VivianCook UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee NewcastleUniversity NickC.Ellis AlbertCosta UniversityofMichigan UniversitatPompeuFabra SorenEskildsen AlisterCumming UniversityofSouthernDenmark OntarioInstituteforStudiesinEducation, UniversityofToronto HosseinFarhady AmericanUniversityofArmenia JimCummins OntarioInstituteforStudiesinEducation, J.CésarFélix-Brasdefer UniversityofToronto IndianaUniversity SaadiyahDarus PaulineFoster UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia St.Mary’sUniversityCollege MariaC.M.deGuerrero PatriciaFriedrich InterAmericanUniversityofPuertoRico ArizonaStateUniversity NeldeJong MaríadelPilarGarcía-Mayo FreeUniversityAmsterdam UniversidaddelPaísVasco
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