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The Routledge Companion to Modern European History since 1763 PDF

635 Pages·2005·21.17 MB·English
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THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO EUROPEAN HISTORY SINCE 1763 The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 is a compact and highly accessible work of reference. It covers a broad sweep of events since 1763, from the last days of the ancien régime to the ending of the Cold War, from the reshaping of Eastern Europe to the radical expansion of the European Union in 2004. Within the broad coverage of this outstanding volume, particular attention is given to subjects such as: • the era of the Enlightened Despots • the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era in France, and the revolutions of 1848 • nationalism and imperialism, and the retreat from Empire • the First World War, the rise of the European dictators, the coming of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the post-war development of Europe • the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its break-up • the protest and upheavals of the 1960s, as well as social issues such as the rise of the welfare state, and the changing place of women in society throughout the period With a fully comprehensive glossary, a biographical section, a thorough bibliography and informative maps, this volume is the indispensable companion for all those who study modern European history. Chris Cook is former Head of the Modern Archives Unit at the London School of Economics, and co-author (with John Stevenson) of Britain in the Depression. He is author of the forthcoming British Political Archives since the Second World War. John Stevenson is Reader in Modern History at Worcester College, Oxford. He is the editor of English Historical Documents, 1914–1957. Routledge Companions to History Series Advisors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson Routledge Companions to History offer perfect reference guides to key historical events and eras, providing everything that the student or general reader needs to know. These comprehensive guides include essential apparatus for navigating through specific topics in a clear and straightforward manner—including introductory articles, biographies and chronologies—to provide accessible and indispensable surveys crammed with vital information valuable for beginner and expert alike. The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914 Chris Cook The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 Chris Cook and John Stevenson The Routledge Companion to the Crusades Peter Lock The Routledge Companion to Decolonization Dietmar Rothermund The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare Jim Bradbury The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Peter Davies and Derek Lynch THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO EUROPEAN HISTORY SINCE 1763 Chris Cook and John Stevenson LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Previously published 1987 by Addison Wesley Longman Second edition 1992 Third edition 1998 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2005 Chris Cook and John Stevenson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been applied for ISBN 0-203-02373-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-34582-0 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-34583-9 (pbk) CONTENTS List of maps viii Preface and acknowledgements ix Part I Principal rulers and ministers 1 Part II Political chronologies 40 Europe at the end of the ancien régime 42 The French Revolution 44 Napoleon and France 56 The French Revolution and Europe 61 The Peace Settlement of 1814–15 77 The Congress System 81 Tsarist Russia, 1762–1914 83 The evolution of nationalism in Europe, 1815–48 98 The 1848 Revolution in France 105 Austria-Hungary in 1848 108 The 1848 revolutions in Italy 110 Italian unification, 1850–70 111 The unification of Germany 114 Germany, 1871–1929 120 France, 1851–1945 133 The Eastern Question 152 International background to the First World War, 1882–1914 159 The First World War 163 Versailles and inter-war diplomatic agreements 169 The League of Nations 176 Contents vii Italy, 1896–1945 179 Germany, 1929–45 186 The Russian Revolution, 1914–24 192 Russia, 1924–53 198 Spain, 1909–39 204 Europe in depression, 1919–39 208 International background to the Second World War 214 The Second World War 219 The Holocaust: Nazi Germany and the Jews 225 The Cold War and Eastern Europe, 1942–85 232 The new Eastern Europe 241 Western Europe since 1945 252 The movement for European unity 265 Part III War, diplomacy and imperialism 273 Principal European wars and campaigns 275 Key European treaties and alliances 288 Europe and the wider world: imperialism and decolonization 307 Part IV Social and economic history 341 Comparative population of major European countries, 1750–2004 343 Population of major European cities 344 Emigration from Europe, 1851–1960: selected countries 346 Output of grain crops, 1800–1914: selected countries 346 Output of wheat, 1913–2000: selected countries 347 Output of coal and lignite, 1820–1939: selected countries 348 Output of coal and lignite, 1950–2000: selected countries 348 Raw cotton consumption, 1830–1970: selected countries 349 Output of steel, 1880–2000: selected countries 350 Output of crude oil, 1900–2000: selected countries 351 viii Contents Motor vehicles produced, 1910–2000: selected countries 351 Output of electricity, 1920–2000: selected countries 352 Railway mileage open, 1840–1913: selected countries 353 Railway mileage open, 1920–2000: selected countries 353 Merchant ships registered by country, 1840–2000 354 Value of external trade, 1815–1913: selected countries 355 Total value of external trade, 1913–2000: selected countries 356 The telecommunications revolution 357 Major events in European religious history 363 Major landmarks in women’s history 400 Part V Biographies 413 Part VI Glossary of terms 454 Part VII T opic bibliography 494 Maps 574 Index 587 LIST OF MAPS 1 Europe in the late eighteenth century 575 2 Europe at the height of Napoleon’s power 575 3 Europe in 1815 576 4 Europe in 1871 576 5 Italian unification 577 6 The Balkan peninsula, 1800–78 578 7 The Balkan states in 1913 579 8 European frontiers, 1919–37 580 9 The Spanish Civil War 581 10 The expansion of Germany, 1935–39 583 11 Europe in 1945 583 12 The Soviet Union, 1945–90 584 13 Eastern Europe since communism 585 14 The European Union, 2004 586 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This new Routledge Companion (the successor to the former Longman Handbook of Modern European History) attempts to provide a convenient reference work for both teachers and students of modern European history from 1763 until the present day. It is a highly condensed work, bringing together chronological, statistical and tabular information which is not to be found elsewhere within a single volume. The Companion covers not only political and diplomatic events, but also the broader fields of social and economic history. It includes biographies of important individuals, a useful glossary of commonly used historical terms and a wide-ranging topic bibliography. No book of this type can be entirely comprehensive, nor is it intended as a substitute for textbooks and more specialist reading, but we have attempted to include those key facts and figures which we believe are most useful for understanding courses in later modern European history. The coverage of the volume is European-wide in its broadest sense, including events in the former Soviet Union, the Balkans, Scandinavia and the Baltic where they are of importance. The Companion also covers very recent events, from developments in post-Communist Europe to the historic expansion of the European Union in May 2004. As courses in European history continue to change, and as new research puts events in European history in a different perspective, both authors would welcome suggestions for additional material to be included in future editions of this Routledge Companion. Chris Cook, London School of Economics John Stevenson, Worcester College, Oxford January 2005

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