The Routledge Companion to Modern European History since 1763

635 Pages·2005·21.17 MB·English

by  Chris Cook, John Stevenson

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO
EUROPEAN HISTORY SINCE 1763
The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 is a compact and highly
accessible work of reference. It covers a broad sweep of events since 1763, from the last
days of the ancien régime to the ending of the Cold War, from the reshaping of Eastern
Europe to the radical expansion of the European Union in 2004.
Within the broad coverage of this outstanding volume, particular attention is given to
subjects such as:
• the era of the Enlightened Despots
• the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era in France, and the revolutions of 1848
• nationalism and imperialism, and the retreat from Empire
• the First World War, the rise of the European dictators, the coming of the Second
World War, the Holocaust, and the post-war development of Europe
• the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its break-up
• the protest and upheavals of the 1960s, as well as social issues such as the rise of the
welfare state, and the changing place of women in society throughout the period
With a fully comprehensive glossary, a biographical section, a thorough bibliography and
informative maps, this volume is the indispensable companion for all those who study
modern European history.
Chris Cook is former Head of the Modern Archives Unit at the London School of
Economics, and co-author (with John Stevenson) of Britain in the Depression. He is
author of the forthcoming British Political Archives since the Second World War.
John Stevenson is Reader in Modern History at Worcester College, Oxford. He is the
editor of English Historical Documents, 1914–1957.
Routledge Companions to History
Series Advisors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson
Routledge Companions to History offer perfect reference guides to key historical events
and eras, providing everything that the student or general reader needs to know. These
comprehensive guides include essential apparatus for navigating through specific topics
in a clear and straightforward manner—including introductory articles, biographies and
chronologies—to provide accessible and indispensable surveys crammed with vital
information valuable for beginner and expert alike.
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THE ROUTLEDGE
COMPANION TO EUROPEAN
HISTORY SINCE 1763
Chris Cook and John Stevenson
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2005
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Previously published 1987 by Addison Wesley Longman
Second edition 1992
Third edition 1998
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of
Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks
please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 2005 Chris Cook and John Stevenson
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
has been applied for
ISBN 0-203-02373-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-34582-0 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-34583-9 (pbk)
CONTENTS

List of maps viii
Preface and acknowledgements ix

Part I Principal rulers and ministers 1

Part II Political chronologies 40

Europe at the end of the ancien régime 42
The French Revolution 44
Napoleon and France 56
The French Revolution and Europe 61
The Peace Settlement of 1814–15 77
The Congress System 81
Tsarist Russia, 1762–1914 83
The evolution of nationalism in Europe, 1815–48 98
The 1848 Revolution in France 105
Austria-Hungary in 1848 108
The 1848 revolutions in Italy 110
Italian unification, 1850–70 111
The unification of Germany 114
Germany, 1871–1929 120
France, 1851–1945 133
The Eastern Question 152
International background to the First World War, 1882–1914 159
The First World War 163
Versailles and inter-war diplomatic agreements 169
The League of Nations 176
Contents vii
Italy, 1896–1945 179
Germany, 1929–45 186
The Russian Revolution, 1914–24 192
Russia, 1924–53 198
Spain, 1909–39 204
Europe in depression, 1919–39 208
International background to the Second World War 214
The Second World War 219
The Holocaust: Nazi Germany and the Jews 225
The Cold War and Eastern Europe, 1942–85 232
The new Eastern Europe 241
Western Europe since 1945 252
The movement for European unity 265

Part III War, diplomacy and imperialism 273

Principal European wars and campaigns 275
Key European treaties and alliances 288
Europe and the wider world: imperialism and decolonization 307

Part IV Social and economic history 341

Comparative population of major European countries, 1750–2004 343
Population of major European cities 344
Emigration from Europe, 1851–1960: selected countries 346
Output of grain crops, 1800–1914: selected countries 346
Output of wheat, 1913–2000: selected countries 347
Output of coal and lignite, 1820–1939: selected countries 348
Output of coal and lignite, 1950–2000: selected countries 348
Raw cotton consumption, 1830–1970: selected countries 349
Output of steel, 1880–2000: selected countries 350
Output of crude oil, 1900–2000: selected countries 351
viii Contents
Motor vehicles produced, 1910–2000: selected countries 351
Output of electricity, 1920–2000: selected countries 352
Railway mileage open, 1840–1913: selected countries 353
Railway mileage open, 1920–2000: selected countries 353
Merchant ships registered by country, 1840–2000 354
Value of external trade, 1815–1913: selected countries 355
Total value of external trade, 1913–2000: selected countries 356
The telecommunications revolution 357
Major events in European religious history 363
Major landmarks in women’s history 400

Part V Biographies 413

Part VI Glossary of terms 454

Part VII T opic bibliography 494

Maps 574

Index 587
LIST OF MAPS

1 Europe in the late eighteenth century 575
2 Europe at the height of Napoleon’s power 575
3 Europe in 1815 576
4 Europe in 1871 576
5 Italian unification 577
6 The Balkan peninsula, 1800–78 578
7 The Balkan states in 1913 579
8 European frontiers, 1919–37 580
9 The Spanish Civil War 581
10 The expansion of Germany, 1935–39 583
11 Europe in 1945 583
12 The Soviet Union, 1945–90 584
13 Eastern Europe since communism 585
14 The European Union, 2004 586
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This new Routledge Companion (the successor to the former Longman Handbook of
Modern European History) attempts to provide a convenient reference work for both
teachers and students of modern European history from 1763 until the present day. It is a
highly condensed work, bringing together chronological, statistical and tabular
information which is not to be found elsewhere within a single volume. The Companion
covers not only political and diplomatic events, but also the broader fields of social and
economic history. It includes biographies of important individuals, a useful glossary of
commonly used historical terms and a wide-ranging topic bibliography. No book of this
type can be entirely comprehensive, nor is it intended as a substitute for textbooks and
more specialist reading, but we have attempted to include those key facts and figures
which we believe are most useful for understanding courses in later modern European
history. The coverage of the volume is European-wide in its broadest sense, including
events in the former Soviet Union, the Balkans, Scandinavia and the Baltic where they
are of importance. The Companion also covers very recent events, from developments in
post-Communist Europe to the historic expansion of the European Union in May 2004.
As courses in European history continue to change, and as new research puts events in
European history in a different perspective, both authors would welcome suggestions for
additional material to be included in future editions of this Routledge Companion.
Chris Cook, London School of Economics
John Stevenson, Worcester College, Oxford
January 2005