The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights PDF
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The RouTledge Companion To media and human RighTs The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights offers a comprehensive and contemporary survey of the key themes, approaches and debates in the field of media and human rights. The Companion is the first collection to bring together two distinct ways of thinking about human rights and media, including scholarship that examines media as a human right alongside that which looks at media coverage of human rights issues. This international collection of 49 newly written pieces thus provides a unique overview of current research in the field, while also providing historical context to help students and scholars appreciate how such developments depart from past practices. The volume examines the universal principals of freedom of expression, legal instruments, the right to know, media as a human right, and the role of media organisations and journalistic work. It is organised thematically in five parts: • Communication, Expression and Human Rights • Media Performance and Human Rights: Political Processes • Media Performance and Human Rights: News and Journalism • Digital Activism, Witnessing and Human Rights • Media Representation of Human Rights: Cultural, Social and Political. Individual essays cover an array of topics, including mass-surveillance, LGBT advocacy, press law, freedom of information and children’s rights in the digital age. With contributions from both lead- ing scholars and emerging scholars, the Companion offers an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach to media and human rights allowing for international comparisons and varying perspectives. The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights provides a comprehensive introduction to the current field useful for both students and researchers, and defines the agenda for future research. Howard Tumber is Professor of Journalism at City, University of London, UK. He is a founder and co-editor-in-chief of Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism. He has published widely in the field of the sociology of news and journalism. Silvio Waisbord is Professor in the School of Media and Public Affairs at George Washington University, USA. He is the editor-in-chief of The Journal of Communication, and he has published widely about news, politics and social change. Contributors: Stuart Allan, Kari Andén-Papadopoulos, Amelia H. Arsenault, Vian Bakir, Ekaterina Balabanova, Guy Berger, Emma Briant, Michael Bromley, Lisa Brooten, Bart Cammaerts, Cynthia Carter, Martin Conboy, Glenda Cooper, Giovanna Dell’Orto, Helen Fenwick, Divina Frau-Meigs, Barbara M. Freeman, Celeste González de Bustamante, Beth A. Haller, Mark Hampton, Summer Harlow, Kari Karppinen, Diana Lemberg, Libby Lester, Steven Livingston, Sonia Livingstone, Paul Mason, Ella McPherson, Stefania Milan, Jolyon Mitchell, Kerry Moore, Brigitte L. Nacos, Eve Ng, Julian Petley, Matthew Powers, Jeannine E. Relly, Joshua Rey, Sandra Ristovska, Beatrice Santa-Wood, Anya Schiffrin, Mehdi Semati, Jan Servaes, Ibrahim Seaga Shaw, Gavin J.D. Smith, Meghan Sobel, Dominik Stecula, Sebastian Stier, Trevor Thrall, Judith Townend, Melissa Wall, Stephen J. A. Ward, Sonja Wolf and Ben Worthy. This page intentionally left blank The RouTledge Companion To media and human RighTs Edited by Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tumber, Howard editor. | Waisbord, Silvio R. (Silvio Ricardo), 1961–editor. Title: The Routledge companion to media and human rights / edited by Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord. Description: London; New York : Routledge, 2017. Identifiers: LCCN 2016054861| ISBN 9781138665545 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315619835 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Human rights in mass media. | Human rights–Press coverage. | Television broadcasting of news–Political aspects. | Human rights advocacy. Classification: LCC P96.H85 R57 2017 | DDC 323–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016054861 ISBN: 978-1-138-66554-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-61983-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India ConTenTs List of figures x List of tables xi List of contributors xii Preface xix 1 Media and human rights: Mapping the field 1 Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord Part I Communication, expression and human rights 15 2 Expressing the changes: International perspectives on evolutions in the right to free expression 17 Guy Berger 3 History of media and human rights 30 Mark Hampton and Diana Lemberg 4 Media freedom of expression at the Strasbourg Court: Current predictability of the standard of protection offered 39 Helen Fenwick 5 Communication freedoms versus communication rights: Discursive and normative struggles within civil society and beyond 50 Bart Cammaerts 6 Freedom of information and the media 60 Ben Worthy v Contents 7 Freedom of expression and the chilling effect 73 Judith Townend 8 Human rights and press law 83 Julian Petley 9 Human rights and the digital 95 Kari Karppinen 10 Children’s rights in the digital age 104 Sonia Livingstone 11 Media and Information Literacy (MIL): Taking the digital social turn for online freedoms and education 3.0 114 Divina Frau-Meigs 12 Theorising digital media cultures: The politics of watching and being watched 126 Gavin J.D. Smith 13 All human rights are local: The resiliency of social change 136 Jan Servaes Part II Media performance and human rights: Political processes 147 14 Political determinants of media freedom 149 Sebastian Stier 15 Beyond the binary of universalism and relativism: Iran, media and the discourse of human rights 158 Mehdi Semati 16 Rights, media and mass-surveillance in a digital age 169 Emma L. Briant 17 Civil society and political-intelligence elites: From manipulation to public accountability 179 Vian Bakir 18 Foreign policy, media and human rights 189 Ekaterina Balabanova 19 Public diplomacy, media and human rights 198 Amelia H. Arsenault vi Contents Part III Media performance and human rights: News and journalism 209 20 Global media ethics, human rights and flourishing 211 Stephen J. A. Ward 21 Investigative journalism and human rights 220 Michael Bromley 22 International reporting 229 Giovanna Dell’Orto 23 Global violence against journalists: The power of impunity and emerging initiatives to evoke social change 238 Jeannine E. Relly and Celeste González de Bustamante 24 Civic organizations, human rights and the news media 248 Matthew Powers 25 Rights and responsibilities when using user-generated content to report crisis events 257 Glenda Cooper 26 Environment and human rights activism, journalism and ‘The New War’ 268 Libby Lester Part IV Digital activism, witnessing and human rights 277 27 Social media and human rights advocacy 279 Ella McPherson 28 All the world’s a stage: The rise of transnational celebrity advocacy for human rights 289 Trevor Thrall and Dominik Stecula 29 Social media reinvigorates disability rights activism globally 300 Beth A. Haller 30 Media and LGBT advocacy: V isibility and transnationalism in a digital age 309 Eve Ng vii Contents 31 Live-witnessing, slacktivism and surveillance: Understanding the opportunities, challenges and risks of human rights activism in a digital era 318 Summer Harlow 32 Human rights and the media/protest assemblage 327 Stefania Milan 33 Imaging human rights: On the ethical and political implications of picturing pain 337 Kari Andén-Papadopoulos 34 Citizen witnessing of human rights abuses 347 Stuart Allan 35 Video and witnessing at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 357 Sandra Ristovska 36 Media, human rights and forensic science 366 Steven Livingston Part V Media representation of human rights: Cultural, social and political 375 37 Media, culture and human rights: Towards an intercultural communication and human rights journalism nexus 377 Ibrahim Seaga Shaw 38 Media and women’s human rights 387 Barbara M. Freeman 39 News coverage of female genital cutting: A seven country comparative study 396 Meghan Sobel 40 Media, human rights and religion 407 Jolyon Mitchell and Joshua Rey 41 The role of news media in fostering children’s democratic citizenship 416 Cynthia Carter viii Contents 42 News language and human rights: Audiences and outsiders 426 Martin Conboy 43 Media, human rights and political discourse 436 Lisa Brooten 44 Media, human rights and refugees 446 Kerry Moore 45 Labour journalism, human rights and social change 456 Anya Schiffrin and Beatrice Santa-Wood 46 Public safety 468 Sonja Wolf 47 Prisoners, human rights and the media 477 Paul Mason 48 Changes in war-making, media and human rights: Revolution or repackaging? 487 Melissa Wall 49 Media, terrorism and freedom of expression 496 Brigitte L. Nacos Index 507 ix
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