The Roots of Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak PDF
Preview The Roots of Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak
| The Roots of Revolt Aconceptuallyrich,historicallyinformed,andinterdisciplinarystudyof thecontentiouspoliticsemergingoutofdecadesofauthoritarianneolib- eraleconomicreform,TheRootsofRevoltexaminesthecontestedpolit- ical economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak, just prior to the Arab Uprisings of 2010-11. Based on extensive fieldwork conducted across ruralandurbanEgypt,AngelaJoyaemploysan‘ontheground’approach to critical political economy that challenges the interpretations of Egyp- tian politics put forward by scholars of both democratization and authoritarianism.Bycriticallyreassessingtherelationshipbetweendem- ocracy and capitalist development, Joya demonstrates how renewed authoritarianpoliticswererequiredtoinstitutionalizeneoliberalreforms demandedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund,presentingtherealworld impact of economic policy on the lives of ordinary Egyptians before the ArabUprisings. angela joya is Assistant Professor of International Studies at the University of Oregon. Her research focuses on the impact of neoliberal globalization on the lives of workers and peasants. She is currently researching grassroots responses and alternative models of development amongthe anti-extractivist movementsinNorthAfrica. Sheisthe author of numerous articles in journals such as British Journal of Middle East Studies, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Mediterra- neanPolitics,InternationalJournalofMiddleEastStudiesandReviewof AfricanPoliticalEconomyandhasconductedfieldworkinEgypt,Tunisia, Palestine,JordanandTurkey,GreeceandFrance. The Roots of Revolt A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak angela joya UniversityofOregon UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108478366 DOI:10.1017/9781108777537 ©AngelaJoya2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Joya,Angela,1980-author.|CambridgeUniversityPress. Title:Therootsofrevolt:apoliticaleconomyofEgyptfromNassertoMubarak/ AngelaJoya. Othertitles:PoliticaleconomyofEgyptfromNassertoMubarak Description:FirstEdition.|NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2020.| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019038886(print)|LCCN2019038887(ebook)| ISBN9781108478366(Hardback)|ISBN9781108745758(Paperback)| ISBN9781108777537(ePUB) Subjects:LCSH:Protestmovements–Egypt–History–21stcentury.| Self-immolation–Politicalaspects–Egypt.|Egypt–History–Protests,2011–2013.| Egypt–Socialconditions–21stcentury.|Egypt–Politicsandgovernment–21stcentury.| ArabSpring,2010- Classification:LCCDT107.87J692020(print)|LCCDT107.87(ebook)| DDC962.05/5–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019038886 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019038887 ISBN978-1-108-47836-6Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents List of Figures and Tables pagevii Acknowledgements viii 1 Neoliberal Authoritarianism inContemporary Egypt 1 ThePurposeandScopeoftheStudy 1 CapitalismandDemocracyinMubarak’sEgypt 3 ResilientAuthoritarianismandNetworksofPrivilege 9 CapitalismagainstDemocracy 11 AccumulationbyDispossession 15 Class,StateandSocietyintheMiddleEast 21 FromDispossessiontoResistancetoRevolt 32 Sources 34 StructureoftheBook 35 2 The Developmentalist State and the Market Economy: FromNasser toSadat 37 FromIndependencetoArabSocialism 37 TheContradictionsandLimitsofArabSocialism 49 EconomicLiberalizationunderAnwarSadat 52 Class,PropertyandStatePower 61 CrisisandConflict:TheOutcomesofInfitah 63 Conclusion 66 3 “We Need the Government to Unleash Us, the Tigers”:Mubarak and the Neoliberal Turn 68 Accumulation,DispossessionandtheTransformationoftheState 68 TheCrisisofthe1980s 72 TheNeoliberalTurn,1991–1995 76 TheMinisterofthePoor,1996–1999 83 FromCrisistoConsolidation,1999–2004 87 TheGovernmentofBusinessmen,2004–2011 91 NeoliberalClassFormation 96 Conclusion 108 v vi Contents 4 “WeFeedtheNation”:TheMilitaryasaFractionofCapital 110 TheMilitaryasaClassFraction 110 FromNationalistRevolutiontoInfitah 114 TheMilitaryunderMubarak 120 TheMilitaryandEconomicLiberalization 126 Conclusion 137 5 The Mosque and the Market: The MuslimBrotherhood 139 TheMuslimBrotherhood:Islam,theMarketandthe MoralEconomy 139 IslamismagainsttheState:TheBrotherhood 143 IslamagainsttheLeft:TheBrotherhoodunderSadat 147 TheBrotherhoodunderMubarak 152 Conclusion 166 6 “Strike like an Egyptian”:Workers and the Collapse of the Authoritarian Bargain 167 TheCorporatistCompromiseandtheAuthoritarianState 167 LabourMarketDualismandInformalityintheEgyptian LabourMarket 170 Privatization,LiberalizationandtheDeclineoftheCorporatist Compromise 174 IncreasedEmployerPower,UnemploymentandInformalityin theLabourMarket 179 TheRiseofWorkerProtest 186 Conclusion 194 7 “You Let the Dogs Eat thePeasants”:Peasants, Small Farmers and Accumulation by Dispossession 195 AgriculturalLiberalization 195 AccumulationbyDispossessionandAgrarianChange 197 ContentiousPolitics,CollectiveActionandClassStruggle 224 Conclusion 227 Conclusion 229 EgyptunderMubarak 230 AccumulationbyDispossessionandtheFragmentationof EgyptianCapital 233 NeoliberalAuthoritarianismandContentiousPolitics 235 Bibliography 237 Index 269 Figures and Tables Figures 1 Military expenditures, 1990–2010 page 129 2 Manufacturinggrowth rate, 1991–2010 177 3 Public sector employment, 2005–2014 178 4 Unemployment, total (percent oftotal labour force) (modelled ILO estimate) 183 5 Unemployment,youthtotal(percentoftotallabourforce ages 15–24) 183 6 Days not worked due tostrikesand lockouts by economic activity 184 7 Land-based violence inEgypt, 1997–2010 210 Tables 1 The Washington Consensus page 4 vii Acknowledgements Iamgratefultomanyorganizationsandindividualsfortheirsupport overthemanyyearsthatithastakentoresearchandwritethisbook. When I first began researching the topic of social conflict and social change in Egypt in 2005 as part of my doctoral thesis, I was sup- ported by generous grants from the International Development Research Center (IDRC) as well as the Social Sciences and Human- ities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). After arriving at the UniversityofOregonin 2014 asan assistantprofessorinthe depart- ment of International Studies, I began work on this book. I am gratefultotheDepartmentofInternationalStudiesandmycolleagues attheUniversityofOregonfortheirsupportovertheyears.Iamalso grateful to the University of Oregon’s Underrepresented Minority Recruitment Program major grant, which allowed me to take time offteachingandcarryoutfurtherresearchandfieldworkinEgyptin 2014 and after. Theresearchandwritingofthisbookspannedmanyyears.Whileat York University, I learned the foundations of critical political econ- omy,statetheoryandtheoriesofsocialchangefromLeoPanitch,Greg Albo, David McNally and George Comninel. In the field of Middle East political economy, I have benefited immensely from the research andsupportofRayBush,RaymondHinnebuschandAdamHaniehas colleagues whose works have been insightful as I worked through my own arguments inthis book. Over the years, other colleagues in Middle East Studies and critical international political economy have provided moral support and encouragement and have either read or listened to aspects of the arguments developed in this book: Adam Hanieh, Jillian Schwedler, MarkLeVine,SuneHaugbolle,LaryssaChomiak,KoenBogaert,Sami Zemni, Habib Ayeb, Ted Swedenberg, Hendrik Kraetzschmar, Paola Rivetti, Lucia Sorbera, Estella Carpi, Gennario Gervasio, Ashraf El viii
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