The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology

431 Pages·2013·3.99 MB·English

by  Anjan Chatterjee

Th e Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Th e Roots of Cognitive
Neuroscience
Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology

EDITED BY ANJAN CHATTERJEE
and
H. BRANCH COSLETT
3
3
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The roots of cognitive neuroscience : behavioral neurology and neuropsychology / edited by
Anjan Chatterjee, H. Branch Coslett.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–539554–9
1. Cognitive neuroscience. 2. Clinical neuropsychology. 3. Neuropsychiatry.
I. Chatterjee, Anjan, editor of compilation. II. Coslett, H. Branch, editor of compilation.
QP360.5.R66 2014
612.8′233—dc23
2013012874

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
CONTENTS

Preface v ii
ANJAN CHATTERJEE & H. BRANCH COSLETT
Contributors xi
1.   Th e Case for Case Reports
CHAPTER 1
KENNETH M. HEILMAN
2.   W e Stand on the Shoulders of Giants: Th e Golden
CHAPTER
Era of Behavioral Neurology 1860–1950 and Its Relevance
to Cognitive Neuroscience Today
11
HEIDI ROTH
3.   D econstructing Human Memory: Insights
CHAPTER
from Amnesia
53
MIEKE VERFAELLIE & MARGARET M.   KEANE
4.   S emantic Memory
CHAPTER 67
ANASTASIA M.   RAYMER & LESLIE J. GONZALEZ ROTHI
5.   A lexias and Agraphias
CHAPTER 89
DAVID P. ROELTGEN & ELIZABETH H. LACEY
6.   F ace Recognition
CHAPTER 105
STEVEN Z. RAPCSAK
7.   A rousal, Attention, and Perception
CHAPTER 131
MARK MENNEMEIER
v
vi Contents
8.   Perceptual-Attentional “Where” and Motor-Intentional
CHAPTER
“Aiming” Spatial Systems
171
A.M. BARRETT
9.   Limb Apraxia: A Disorder of Goal-Directed
CHAPTER
Actions
187
ANNE L. FOUNDAS
10.   B ody Representations: Updating
CHAPTER
a Classic Concept
221
H. BRANCH COSLETT
11.   Th e Neuropathologies of the Self
CHAPTER 237
TODD E. FEINBERG
12.   Th e Neurology of Emotional Expression
CHAPTER 252
LEE X. BLONDER
13.   B ehavioral and Cognitive Eff ects of
CHAPTER
Antiepileptic Drugs
269
KIMFORD J.   MEADOR
14.   N europsychopharmacology and Cognition 
CHAPTER 284
DAVID Q. BEVERSDORF
15.   A ttractor Basins: A Neural Basis for the
CHAPTER
Conformation of Knowledge
305
STEPHEN E.   NADEAU
16.   P lasticity
CHAPTER 334
VICTOR W.   MARK
17.   V isual Art
CHAPTER 349
ANJAN CHATTERJEE
18.   C reativity
CHAPTER 367
VALERIA DRAGO & GLEN R.   FINNEY
Aft erword 388
KENNETH M. HEILMAN, EDWARD VALENSTEIN & ROBERT T.   WATSON
Index 3 97
PREFACE

Cognitive neuroscience is in high fashion. Images with colored patches show-
ing brain regions that are active when we think, perceive, feel, and make deci-
sions grace the covers of the most prestigious scientifi c journals. Every month,
neuroscientists seem to be making new discoveries about why we are the way we
are. Even the general public has an inexhaustible appetite for neural explanations
for our behavior. Advanced technologies promise to demystify the mind as they
reveal detailed workings of the brain. Most research universities now have imag-
ing centers in which scientists can picture brains functioning in vivo. Many use
novel electrical recording techniques and non-invasive stimulation methods to
understand how the brain works. In this climate of progress, driven by technology
that was inconceivable only a generation ago, why publish a book focused on an
old approach to the brain? Th e answer is simple. As the chapters in this volume
demonstrate, behavioral neurology and neuropsychology remain just as relevant
to advancing our understanding of the biology of cognitive and aff ective systems
as they were 150 years ago.
Examining the behavior of individuals with neurologic disease, sometimes
referred to as “the lesion method,” informs our understanding of cognitive and
aff ective systems in several ways. Firstly, as has been noted in the past, patients
reveal how large-scale systems can be “carved at their joints.” Understanding the
nature of these joints and the way that diff erent components articulate reveals the
nature of the system under consideration. Secondly, the lesion method allows us
to test hypotheses about the role of neural structures in a way not possible by other
methods. Whether or not a particular region of the brain is necessary for a mental
operation is tested directly by assessing the consequences of damage to that part
of the brain. Finally, the striking phenomenology in patients, behaviors that most
of us would not have imagined possible, allows us to generate hypotheses about
the organization of the mind. How is it possible for someone to know facts about
the world and not facts about their own life? Why does someone speak, but not
understand? What does it mean for a person to recognize some, but not other
vii
viii Preface
parts of their body? How can an intelligent and articulate person behave as if one
side of the universe has vanished? Th ese and many other deeply counterintuitive
phenomena reveal something about the structure of the mind as implemented
in the brain. Th ey generate hypotheses to be tested, and, as occurred with the
most celebrated case in all of behavioral neurology and neuropsychology, Henry
Molaison (bett er known as H. M.), they can radically change the basic under-
standing of how our minds are organized.
Beyond making the case for the central importance of behavioral neurology
and neuropsychology today, we have another aim in publishing this book. We
wish to acknowledge the contributions and infl uence of our mentor, Dr. Kenneth
M. Heilman. We both have been deeply aff ected by Dr. Heilman, whom we met
at critical times in our peculiarly similar academic paths. We were both medi-
cal students at the University of Pennsylvania (separated by several years) at a
time when a career of studying cognition as a neurologist was at best regarded
with bewilderment, and, more typically, with condescension. Aft er our neurol-
ogy residencies, we both did post-doctoral fellowships at the University of Florida
under Dr. Heilman’s guidance. Branch went on to work at Temple University for
several years. Anjan started his academic career at the University of Alabama in
Birmingham. In the late 1990s, we both returned to the University of Pennsylvania
to join the neurology department and to work at the Penn Center for Cognitive
Neuroscience. Th e rise of neuroimaging had made behavioral neurology att ractive
even in a place like Penn that had long been a bastion of neuromuscular research.
Over the last 45 years, Dr. Heilman has been and remains one of the most pro-
ductive and creative thinkers in this fi eld. Th e chapters in this book, in addition
to showing the relevance of patient studies, reveal Dr. Heilman’s infl uence, which
extends beyond his own research into his impact on subsequent generations of
neurologists, neuropsychologists, and speech pathologists. Th ese chapters, writ-
ten by his students, represent but a small sample of those whose thinking has been
touched by his agile mind.
Th e book begins with a chapter by Dr. Heilman. He reminds us of the impor-
tance of single case studies. Th is contribution is followed by a chapter that shows
that the questions asked in the Golden Age of neurology, from the 1860s to the
beginning of the First World War, were prescient in identifying concerns that we
still face when theorizing about how mind arises from brain. Th e other chapters
cover diverse areas such as language and semantics, emotion, att ention, praxis,
body representations, the nature of self, pharmacology, plasticity, and even art and
creativity. Dr. Heilman has made his own mark in each of these fi elds. However,
the chapters are not reviews of his contribution. Rather, they refl ect the current
understanding of these fundamental areas of cognitive neuroscience as informed
by the study of people with neurological disease.
Th is is a book for cognitive neuroscientists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psy-
chologists, physiatrists, and scholars in general interested in the biology of the
Preface ix
human mind. Importantly, the book is also aimed at medical, neuroscience, and
psychology students who are still forming their views of cognitive neurosci-
ence. We hope the book will disabuse readers of two (in our view) wrong-headed
notions. Th e fi rst notion is that cognitive neuroscience is synonymous with func-
tional neuroimaging. Th is misconception confuses a domain of scientifi c inquiry
with a method. While functional neuroimaging has certainly invigorated cogni-
tive neuroscience, the fi eld has deep roots tracing back at least to the second half
of the 19th century. Th e second notion is that while patient studies might be of
historical interest, the real way forward is through new technologies such as func-
tional neuroimaging. Th is view is misguided because the interpretation of imag-
ing data is now relatively unconstrained. Th e widespread use of reverse inferences
(inferring a mental operation based on neural locations of activation patt erns)
begs to be corralled. Lesion studies off er the perfect foil for functional neuro-
imaging studies as a method for confi rming or rejecting hypotheses generated
by activation patt erns. Th e tremendous growth of functional imaging research
makes lesion studies more important than they have ever been, if we are to ground
our cognitive theorizing.
Finally, we should mention that this book would not have been possible with-
out the help and patience of the staff at Oxford University Press. Joan Bossert,
our editor, who also edited Dr. Heilman and Dr. Valenstein’s classic C linical
Neuropsychology, was unfailingly supportive of our eff orts
Anjan Chatt erjee
H. Branch Coslett