The Roman World 44 BC - AD 180 PDF
Preview The Roman World 44 BC - AD 180
THE ROMAN WORLD 44 BC–AD 180 ROUTLEDGE HISTORY OF THE ANC.IENT WORLD General Editor: Fergus Millar THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Amélie Kuhrt THE GREEK WORLD 479–323 BC Simon Hornblower THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME T.J.Cornell THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN LATE ANTIQUITY AD 395–600 Averil Cameron GREECE IN THE MAKING 1200–479 BC Robin Osborne THE ROMAN WORLD 44 BC–AD 180 Martin Goodman with the assistance of Jane Sherwood London and New York First published 1997 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1997 Martin Goodman All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-40861-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71685-X (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-04969-5 (hbk) 0-415-04970-9 (pbk) For Sarah CONTENTS List of plates xiii List of figures xv Preface xvii List of dates xx List of abbreviations xxii Part I Introduction 1 SOURCES AND PROBLEMS 3 The evidence 4 From city to empire 8 2 THE ROMAN WORLD IN 50 BC 10 The sphere of Roman influence 10 The city of Rome in 50 BC 16 Part II Élite politics 3 THE POLITICAL LANGUAGE OF ROME 21 Political power 21 Political methods 24 4 CAESAR TO AUGUSTUS, 50 BC–AD 14 28 Last years of Julius Caesar 28 Augustus 31 5 JULIO-CLAUDIANS, AD 14–68 47 Tiberius 47 Gaius 52 Claudius 54 Nero 55 vii CONTENTS 6 CIVIL WAR AND FLAVIANS, AD 68–96 58 Galba 58 Otho 59 Vitellius 60 Vespasian 62 Titus 64 Domitian 64 7 NERVA TO MARCUS AURELIUS, AD 96–180 67 Nerva 67 Trajan 67 Hadrian 69 Antoninus Pius 71 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 73 Commodus 75 Part III The state 8 MILITARY AUTOCRACY 81 Power of the army 81 The praetorian guard 84 State terror 85 9 THE OPERATION OF THE STATE IN ROME 87 Imperial bureaucracy 87 Urban crowds 93 The senate 94 Magistrates and the courts 96 State finances 99 10 THE OPERATION OF THE STATE IN THE PROVINCES 100 Taxes 100 Provincial governors 101 Expansion of frontiers 104 Administration 107 Client kings 110 11 THE ARMY IN SOCIETY 113 Professional soldiers 113 Military life and pay 115 Soldiers and civilians 121 12 THE IMAGE OF THE EMPEROR 123 Augustus: the model emperor 123 The emperor as a god 129 The creation of the image 133 viii CONTENTS 13 THE EXTENT OF POLITICAL UNITY 135 Allies or subjects? 135 Roman citizenship 136 Acceptance of Roman rule? 137 Provincial co-operation 138 The emperor as unifier 139 14 THE EXTENT OF ECONOMIC UNITY 142 Flourishing private enterprise 142 The role of the state in promoting trade 143 Slaves and freedmen 147 Agricultural produce 148 15 THE EXTENT OF CULTURAL UNITY 149 ‘Graeco-Roman’ culture 149 Architecture and art 150 Literary culture 152 Dominance of Greek culture in second century AD 155 Part IV Society 16 REACTIONS TO IMPERIAL RULE 159 Types of evidence 160 Accommodation 160 Dissociation 161 Opponents of the state 162 Mass insurrection 163 17 THE CITY OF ROME: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 165 The imperial court 167 Senators 167 Equites 172 Plebs 174 Women 175 Slaves 177 18 THE CITY OF ROME: CULTURE AND LIFE 179 Literature 179 Painting, sculpture and architecture 185 Ordinary tastes 187 19 ITALY AND SICILY 190 Italy 190 Sicily 195 ix
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