The Roman World

938 Pages·2002·43.597 MB·English

by  John Wacher (Ed.).

·THE·
·ROMAN·WORLD·
1.1 ~ ~ F'""' '""' ro o oi:i i:i nt:~ :~ ispiIU IU eU U cIU IU e Rome: the Eternal City
·THE·
·ROMAN· WORLD·
EDITED BY
JOHN WACHER
Emeritus Professor of Archaeology
University of Leicester
Volume I
~l Routledge
i
~
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1987 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
First published in paperback 1990
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY 10017
Reissued in paperback 2002
Transferred to Digital Printing 2009
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© Routledge 1987, 1990,2002
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 10: 0-415-26315-8 (Volume I)
ISBN 10: 0-415-26316-6 (Volume II)
ISBN 10: 0-415-26314-X (Set)
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-26315-3 (Volume I)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-26316-0 (Volume II)
ISBNI3: 978-0-415-26314-6 (Set)
·CONTENTS·
VOLUME I
Editor's preface xxu Acknowledgments XXXll
Preface to the reissued edition XXlll Chronological table XXXIV
Contributors xxiv Glossary xlv
General bibliography and principal
abbreviations used in the text xxvi
PART 1
1 Introduction
John Wacher 3
PART 2
·THE· RI SE·OF·THE· EMPIRE·
2 Celtic Europe before the Romans 4 The legacy of the Republic
John Collis 15 David C. Braund 55
3 Hellenistic influence on the Bibliography for Part 2 69
Roman world
Keith Branigan 38
PART 3
·THE·ARMY·
5 The army of the Republic 7 The army of the Late Empire
G. R. Watson 75 R.S.O. Tomun 107
6 The imperial army Bibliography for Part 3 134
Alistair Scott Anderson 89
v
CONTENTS
PART 4
·THE·FRONTIERS·
8 Mainland Europe 11 The East
Valerie A. Maxfield 139 David Kenne4J 266
9 Britain Bibliography for Part 4 309
David J. Breeze 198
10 Africa
Charles Daniels 223
PART 5
·CITIES· TOWN S ·AND· VILLAGES·
12 Urbanization in the Eastern 14 Townships and villages
Empire Andrew Poulter 388
Barbara Levick 329 Bibliography for Part 5 412
13 Urbanization in Italy and the
Western Empire
J. F. Drinkwater 345
PART 6
·GOVERNMENT·AND·LAW·
15 Government and the provinces 17 Government and administration
Graham Burton 423 in the Late Empire
16 Law and the legal system in the J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz 455
Principate Bibliography for Part 6 470
Elizabeth Green 440
VOLUME II
PART 7
·RURAL·LIFE·
18 Agriculture and horticulture 20 The villa in Italy and the
Sian Rees 481 provinces
19 Animal husbandry John Percival 527
Shimon Applebaum 504 Bibliography for Part 7 548
vi
CONTENTS
PART 8
·THE·ECONOMY·
21 Imperial estates 25 Trade within the Empire and
Dorothy J. Thompson 555 beyond the frontiers
22 The monetary system A. J. Parker 635
John Kent 568 26 Transport by land and water
23 Industrial growth Alan McWhirr 658
W. H. Manning 586 Bibliography for Part 8 671
24 Mining
Ann Woods 611
PART 9
·SOCIETY·
27 Romans and non-Romans 29 Society and the artist
Mark Hassall 685 T. F. C. Blagg 717
28 Labour Bibliography for Part 9 743
P. A. Brunt 701
PART 10
·RELIGION ·AND·B URIAL·
30 Classical religions 33 The rise of Christianity
John Ferguson 749 Jill Harries 796
31 Ruler-worship 34 Burial customs of Rome and the
John Ferguson 766 provinces
32 Provincial cults Richard Jones 812
Miranda]. Green 785 Bibliography for Part 10 838
PART 11
·POST-SCRIPT·
35 Post-script Index 850
John Wacher 847
Vll
·PLATES·
VOLUME I
1.1 Frontispiece: Rome: the Eternal City (Istituto Italiano di Cultural London)
pages
3.1 Sculptured Etruscan sarcophagus (Scala) 51
3.2 The Franc;ois Vase, Florence Museum (Scala) 51
3.3 Bust of Cicero (UfliZi Gallery, Florence) 52
3.4 The 'Boxer' of Apollonios (Museo delle Terme, Rome) 52
3.5 Greek comedy illustrated on a relief from Pompeii 53
(National Museum of Pompeii) 53
3.6 Bust of Epicurus (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) 53
3.7 Bust of Zeno (National Museum, Naples) 53
3.8 Statue ofCato (Vatican Museum) 54
7.1 Diocletian and his colleagues (Scala) 121
7.2 Arch of Galerius, Thessalonika (Deutsches Archiiologisches Institut,
Athens) 121
7.3 Cavalry helmet, c. 320, of iron and silver-gilt (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden
te Leiden) 122
7.4 Notitia Dignitatum: insignia of the Master of the Offices (Bodleian
Library, and R. Goodburn) 123
7.5 Notitia Dignitatum: insignia of the Count of the Sacred Largesses
(Bodleian Library, and R. Goodburn) 124
7.6 The accession donative of five solidi of Vale ns, Valentinian I and
Gratian, and a pound of silver (The British Museum) 125
viii
PLATES
7·7 Silver and silver-gilt dish of Constantius II (The British Museum) 126
7.8 Snake (draco) battle-standard of gilded bronze (Ro'misches-Germanisches
Zentralmuseum, Mainz) 126
7·9 Ivory diptych, c. 396, of Stilicho in uniform as magister peditum
praesentalis (Monza, Cathedral Treasury) 127
7.10 Glass beaker from Cologne (Riimisches-Germanisches Museum, Cologne) 128
7.11 Fourth-fifth-century Christian cemetery at Concordia 128
7.12 Silver donative dish from Geneva (Musee d'Art et d' Histoire, Geneva) 129
7.13 Letter-book from Panopolis (Chester Beatty Library, Dublin) 129
7.14 Silver donative dish of Theodosius (Academia de la Historia, Madrid) 130
7.15 Honorius in battle-dress on an ivory diptych dated to 406 (Aosta
Cathedral Treasury) 131
7.16 Part of the tombstone from Phrygia on which a retired NCO of
Diocletian's mobile army recorded his travels 132
7.17 Tenes hoard (Musee St. Gsell) 133
8.1 Aerial view of the Lorenzberg (Otto Braasch) 194
8.2 View along the limes in the Taunus region of Upper Germany 195
8·3 The Danube at the Kazan Gorge 195
8·4 Trajan's column: towers on the bank of the Danube (Peter ConnollY) 196
8·5 The insignia of the comes Italiae from the Notitia Dignitatum (Bodleian
Library, Oxford) 197
9.1 Milecastle 42 (Cawfields) on Hadrian's Wall (Crown Copyright) 218
9.2 Turret 48a (Willow ford east) on Hadrian's Wall 218
9·3 Aerial view of Hadrian's Wall looking east (Copyright: Committee for
Aerial Photograpf?y, University of Cambridge) 219
9·4 The fort at Housesteads on Hadrian's Wall from the air (Copyright:
Committee for Aerial Photography, University of Cambridge) 219
9·5 Aerial view of the Antonine Wall at Croy Hill looking east (Crown
Copyright) 220
9.6 Aerial view of the fort at Rough Castle on the Antonine Wall looking
north (Crown Copyright) 221
9·7 The Bridgeness Distance Slab from the eastern end of the Antonine
Wall (National Museums of Scotland) 221
9.8 The Roman fort at Ardoch from the air (Crown Copyright) 222
9·9 The Saxon Shore fort at Portchester from the air (Copyright: Committee
for Aerial Photography, University of Cambridge) 222
lX