The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity

312 Pages·2009·486.759 MB·English

by  Mark J. Johnson

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-64441-0 - The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
Mark J. Johnson
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The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
This book is the first comprehensive study of the mausolea of the later Roman
emperors.Constructedbetweentheyears244and450andbridgingthetransition
frompaganismtoChristianitywithintheempire,theseimportantbuildingsshared
acommondesign,thatofthedomedrotunda.MarkJ.Johnsonexaminesthesym-
bolism and function of the mausolea, demonstrating for the first time that these
monumentsservedastemplesandshrinestothedivinizedemperors.Throughan
examinationofliterarysourcesandthearchaeologicalrecord,heidentifieswhich
buildingswerebuiltasimperialtombs.Eachbuildingisexaminedtodetermineits
placeinthedevelopmentofthetypeaswellasforitsuniquefeatureswithinthe
group.Recognizingthestrongrelationshipbetweenthemausoleabuiltforpagan
andChristianemperors,Johnsonalsoanalyzestheirimportantdifferences.
MarkJ.JohnsonisprofessorofarthistoryatBrighamYoungUniversity.Ascholar
of ancient and Early Christian and Byzantine architecture, he has published in
Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Gesta, Byzantion, and Journal of Early Christian Studies,
amongotherjournals.
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Mark J. Johnson
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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-64441-0 - The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
Mark J. Johnson
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T R I
he oman mperial
M L
ausoleum in ate
A
ntiquity
Mark J. Johnson
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Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-64441-0 - The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
Mark J. Johnson
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32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa
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It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
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© Mark J. Johnson 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2009
First paperback edition 2014
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Johnson, Mark Joseph.
The Roman imperial mausolem in late antiquity / Mark J. Johnson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-521-51371-5 (hbk.)
1. Mausoleums – Rome – History. 2. Rome – Antiquities. 3. Emperors – Tombs – Rome.
4. Rome – Kings and rulers. 5. Burial – Rome – History. 6. Rome – Social life and
customs. 7. Art, Roman. 8. Architecture, Roman. I. Title.
dg272.j64 2009
937ʹ.06–dc22 2009005514
isbn 978-0-521-51371-5 Hardback
isbn 978-1-107-64441-0 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
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Mark J. Johnson
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Contents
ListofIllustrations pagevii
Preface xiii
ListofAbbreviations xv
Introduction 1
ChapterOne
The Emperor in Death 8
ChapterTwo
From Tumulus to Domed Rotunda in
Imperial Mausolea 17
MausoleumofAugustus,Rome 17
TemplumGentisFlaviae(FlavianMausoleum),Rome 22
ColumnofTrajan,Rome 26
MausoleumofHadrian,Rome 30
TombofGordianIII,Zaitha 40
MausoleumofGallienus,NearRome 42
TheImperialMausoleumTransformed 48
ChapterThree
The Mature Domed Rotunda – Mausolea of
the Tetrarchs 58
MausoleumofDiocletian,Split 59
MausoleumofMaximian(?)atSanVittore,Milan 70
MausoleumofGalerius,Romuliana(Gamzigrad) 74
MausoleumoftheMotherofMaximinDaia(?),Sˇarkamen 82
v
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vi Contents
MausoleumofMaxentius,Rome 86
Torde’Schiavi,Rome 93
Epilogue:MausoleumofJulian,Tarsus 103
SiteSelectionforLateRomanImperialMausolea 104
EvolutionoftheImperialDomedRotundaMausoleum 105
SpaceandFunctionsinTetrarchicImperialMausolea 107
ChapterFour
Mausolea of the Christian Emperors 110
MausoleumofHelena,Rome 110
MausoleumofConstantine(Apostoleion),Constantinople 119
MausoleumofConstans(?),Centcelles 129
MausoleumofConstantina,Rome 139
Sant’Aquilino,Milan 156
MausoleumofHonorius(SantaPetronilla),Rome 167
Epilogue:OtherChristianImperialTombs 174
SacredSiteandMausoleum 174
FigurativeDecorationinChristianImperialMausolea 176
PlacementofSarcophagi 177
ChapterFive
Sepulcra Divorum – Symbolism and Cult
Practices 180
Conclusion 195
AppendixA
List of Imperial Mausolea in Chronological
Order and Burials Contained Therein 199
AppendixB
“Ubi sepulti sunt”: The Burial Places of
Roman Emperors and Members of Their
Families from Caracalla (217) to
Anastasius (518) 203
Notes 219
SelectBibliography 255
Index 293
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Mark J. Johnson
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List of Illustrations
(Note:Allphotographsanddrawingsarebytheauthorunlessspecifiedotherwise.)
Color Plates
I.Rome,MausoleumofAugustus,exteriorfromsouth
II.Rome,ColumnofTrajan,viewfromsoutheast
III.Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,exteriorfromsouthwest
IV.Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,exteriorfromeast
V.Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,exteriorfromnortheast
VI.Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumI(ofRomula),viewof
remains
VII.Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumII(ofGalerius),viewof
remains
VIII.Sˇarkamen,MausoleumofthemotherofMaximinDaia(?),viewof
remains
IX.Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,exteriorfromsouth
X.Rome,Torde’Schiavi,exteriorfromsoutheast
XI.Rome,MausoleumofHelena,exteriorfromnortheast
XII.SarcophagusofHelena,front,VaticanMuseums
XIII.Centcelles,MausoleumofConstans,exteriorfromsouthwest
XIV.Rome,MausoleumofConstantina,exteriorfromnorthwest
XV.MausoleumofConstantina,interior
XVI.Milan,Sant’Aquilino,exteriorfromsoutheast
Colorplatesfollowpage xvi
Figures
1. MapoftheRomanEmpire page3
2. MapofItaly 4
vii
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Mark J. Johnson
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viii List of Illustrations
3. MapoftheRomanCampagna 5
4. MapofRome 6
5. Milan,planoftheLateAntiquecity 7
6. ConsecrationcoinofAntoninusPius,showingpyre,ca.AD161 13
7. Rome,MausoleumofAugustus,plan 19
8. Rome,MausoleumofAugustus,possibleexteriorreconstructions 21
9. Rome,areaofQuirinalinwhichTemplumGentisFlaviaewas
located,planaccordingtoLanciani 23
10. Rome,TombandForumofTrajan,siteplan 27
11. Rome,TombofTrajan,plan 29
12. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,groundlevel,plan,partially
reconstructed 32
13. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,plan,cryptlevel 33
14. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,restoredsection,inpart
hypothetical 34
15. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,crypt,interior 35
16. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,planatleveloftheSaladiGiustizia
andCortile,inparthypothetical 36
17. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,planatleveloftheSaladelTesoro,
inparthypothetical 37
18. Rome,MausoleumofHadrian,exteriorreconstruction,inpart
hypothetical 39
19. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,plans 43
20. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,exteriorfromsouth 44
21. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,interiorniche 45
22. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,ambulatoryremnants 46
23. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,remnantofarchsupportingporch
floor 47
24. Rome,MausoleumofGallienus,seventeenth-century
reconstructionbyPierSanteBartoli 48
25. Naples,Scudillo,Tomb,plan 49
26. Rome,so-called“TombofClaudiusLibertus,”planandsection 50
27. Alife,TomboftheAciliiGlabriones,exteriorfromsoutheast 51
28. Alife,TomboftheAciliiGlabriones,plan 51
29. Rome,Mausoleumknownasthe“MontedelGrano,”generalview
fromsouth 52
30. Rome,Mausoleumknownasthe“MontedelGrano,”plan 53
31. Rome,Mausoleumknownasthe“MontedelGrano,”section 53
32. Cirella,Mausoleum,exteriorfromsouth 54
33. Cirella,Mausoleum,plan 54
34. Porto,Mausoleumknownasthe“TempiodiPortuno,”viewfrom
south 55
35. Porto,Mausoleumknownasthe“TempiodiPortuno,”plans 55
36. Split,PalaceofDiocletian,plan 60
37. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,plan 61
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List of Illustrations ix
38. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,crypt,plan 62
39. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,exterior,cornice 63
40. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,reconstructionbyNiemann 63
41. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,reconstructionbyHe´brardand
Zeiller 64
42. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,reconstructionbyStratimirovic´ 65
43. Spilt,MausoleumofDiocletian,interior,engravingofca.1782by
Cassas 65
44. Spilt,MausoleumofDiocletian,interior,northelevation 66
45. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,section 67
46. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,sculptedfrieze,portraitof
Prisca(?) 69
47. Split,MausoleumofDiocletian,sculptedfrieze,portraitof
Diocletian 69
48. Milan,MausoleumofMaximian(?)and“Fortress”atSanVittore,
plan 71
49. Milan,MausoleumatSanVittore,plan 72
50. Milan,MausoleumatSanVittore,exteriorca.1570,drawingbyan
anonymousDutchartist 73
51. Thessaloniki,Rotunda(St.George),generalviewfromsouth 75
52. Thessaloniki,PalaceOctagon,plan 76
53. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),siteplan 77
54. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MaguraHill,reconstructedgeneralview 78
55. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumI,plans 78
56. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumI,restoredelevation 79
57. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumII,plans 80
58. Romuliana(Gamzigrad),MausoleumII,restoredelevation 81
59. Sˇarkamen,Mausoleum,siteplan 83
60. Sˇarkamen,Mausoleum,plan 84
61. Sˇarkamen,Mausoleum,section 85
62. VillaofMaxentius,plan 87
63. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,planofcryptlevelandtemenos 88
64. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,exteriorfromnortheast 88
65. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,section 89
66. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,crypt,interior 90
67. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,reconstructionbyRasch 91
68. Rome,MausoleumofMaxentius,conjecturalplanofupperlevel 91
69. Consecratiocoinswithrepresentationsofdomedrotundas 93
70. Rome,Torde’Schiaviandbasilica,generalviewfromeast 94
71. Rome,Torde’Schiavi,crypt,andbasilica,plan 95
72. Rome,Torde’Schiavi,planofcella 96
73. Rome,Torde’Schiavi,exteriorfromnorthwest 96
74. Rome,Torde’Schiavi,ca.1744,engravingbydeFicoroni 97
75. Rome,Torde’Schiavi,exteriorreconstructionbyRasch 98
76. Torde’Schiavi,section 99
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