The Roman Honorific Arches of Pisidian Antioch

333 Pages·2009·42.28 MB·English

by  Adrian Ossi

The Roman Honorific Arches of Pisidian Antioch: Reconstruction and Contextualization

by

Adrian John Ossi

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Classical Art and Archaeology)
in the University of Michigan
2009

Doctoral Committee:

Professor Elaine K. Gazda, Chair
Professor Raymond H. Van Dam
Associate Professor Christopher J. Ratte
Associate Professor Nicola Terrenato
Copyright Adrian John Ossi
2009
For my parents,

Joe and Carol Ossi
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Table of Contents

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v

List of Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxii

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii

Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

The Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

History of Field Research on the Arches of Pisidian Antioch. . . . . . . . . . .4

Methodology and Contents of the Current Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Chapter 2. The Arch of Augustus at Pisidian Antioch: Assessment of the
Archaeological and Archival Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

The Arch of Augustus in the Kelsey Museum Archives. . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Assessment of Woodbridge’s Restored
Elevation of the Arch of Augustus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Assessment of Woodbridge’s Restored Plan
and Section of the Arch of Augustus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

The Eastern Façade of the Arch of Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Chapter 3. The Arch of Augustus in Context: A Visual Res Gestae Augusti. . . . .48

History of Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Historical Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Contemporary Honorific Arches: Motivations,
Locations, and Decoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

The Iconographic Program of the Arch of
Augustus: A Visual Res Gestae Augusti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
iii
The Arch of Augustus at Antioch and the
Parthian Arch in the Forum Romanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Hellenistic Architectural Attributes of the Arch of Augustus. . . . . . . . . .97

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Chapter 4. The Arch of Hadrian at Pisidian Antioch: Assessment of the
Archaeological and Archival Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Current State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

1924 Excavation and Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Evidence of the Architectural Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Evidence of the Decorative Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

The New Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Chapter 5. The Arch of Hadrian in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Past Research on the Arch of Hadrian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Historical Context for the Creation of the Arch of Hadrian . . . . . . . . . 152

The Development of Arches in Asia Minor
and Greece from Augustus to Hadrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Form, Sculpture, and Inscription: the Cases of Phaselis and Perge. . . . .164

The Design of the Arch of Hadrian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Imperial Associations: Hadrian and Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Local Interests: City Gate, Platea, and Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Chapter 6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

The Monumental Development of Sagalassos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Pisidian Antioch and Sagalassos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Plan of Pisidian Antioch. Drawing by the author.
Figure 2. Pisidian Antioch, schematic plan of the arch of Augustus and vicinity.
Illustration by the author.
Figure 3. 1924 view of the foundations of the arch of Augustus (at left a top stairs), the
Tiberia Platea stairs, and the paved plaza (at right). Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1116.
Figure 4. The same view as figure 3 today. Photo: author.
Figure 5. The foundation of the lowest step (line of stones in middle) and of two
fountains (paired stones in foreground and at top right). Photo: author.
Figure 6. Three paving stones in situ at the base of the steps, and the square fountain
base. Photo: author.
Figure 7. View of the Tiberia Platea from on top of the stairs. The paving is partially
preserved in the distance at right. Photo: author.
Figure 8. Conjectural section of the steps and foundations of the arch of Augustus prior
to excavation in 1924, with hypothetical collapse of upper levels of arch to base
of steps. By the author.
Figure 9. Profile of the cornice of the arch of Augustus. Kelsey Museum Archives,
Woodbridge drawing.
Figure 10. Underside of the coffers and consoles of Cornice 1. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1136
Figure 11. Top surface of Cornice 5. Kelsey Museum Archives KR043.06
Figure 12. Bottom surface of Cornice 5. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1119
Figure 13. Elevation drawing of the front of the projecting portion (top) and bottom
surface (bottom) of Cornice 5. Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 14. Approximate outlines of corner cornice fragments superimposed onto the
drawing of Cornice 5. Drawing by the author.
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Figure 15. Bottom surface of Cornice 10. The beveled edge is visible in silhouette at
right. Kelsey Museum Archives KR049.05
Figure 16. Right surface of Cornice 10. The beveled projection is visible at top. Kelsey
Museum Archives KR030.02
Figure 17. Schematic plan of the approximate location of certain blocks of the arch of
Augustus as excavated in 1924. Illustration by the author.
Figure 18. Frieze 1, front (at right) and left (at left) surfaces. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1376
Figure 19. Frieze 2, front (at left) and right (at right) surfaces. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1373
Figure 20. Frieze 19, front surface depicting a bust of Men Askaenos and left surface
depicting a pair of greaves. Photo: J. Matthew Harrington.
Figure 21. Frieze 2, right surface. The bust of Ceres is visible in profile at left, and the
projecting tenon at right. Kelsey Museum Archives KR040.09.
Figure 22. Frieze 14, front surface. A 10 cm-wide vertical strip is visible at left. Photo:
author.
Figure 23. Sketch of the join between Friezes 2 and 14 (cf. figs. 21-22). By the author.
Figure 24. Friezes 3 and 4, joined. Note slanted edges at right and left. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1391
Figure 25. Architrave 8 (upside down). Tenon visible at left. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1510
Figure 26. Architrave 8, bottom surface with two dowel holes. Photo: author.
Figure 27. Drawing of right surface (top) and bottom surface (bottom) of Architrave 8.
Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge notebook
Figure 28. Architrave fragment with beveled edge on site today. Photograph by the
author.
Figure 29. Schematic plan of the join between architrave with beveled corner (left) and
projecting architrave block (right). Drawing by the author.
Figure 30. Plan of an engaged column. Kelsey Museum Archives, large Woodbridge
drawing.
Figure 31. Engaged Capital 2, with attached section of wall at left. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1431
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Figure 32. Engaged Capital 4, with attached section of wall at left. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1430
Figure 33. Side view of Engaged Capital 4. Photo: Leah Long.
Figure 34. Sketch plan of the join between Engaged Capitals 2 and 4 and the adjacent
wall. By the author.
Figure 35. Engaged Capital 1, bottom surface with three dowel holes. Kelsey Museum
Archives KR048.02
Figure 36. Engaged Capital 2, bottom surface with three dowel holes; bottom surface of
attached wall surface visible at lower left. Kelsey Museum Archives KR026.05
Figure 37. Engaged Drum 2, top or bottom surface with three dowel holes. The tenon
extends the full height of the drum. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1546
Figure 38. Engaged Drum 3. The tenon extends only part of the height of the drum.
Photo: author.
Figure 39. Engaged Drum 8, left surface. The attached part of the wall is visible at left.
Photo: author.
Figure 40. Engaged Drum 8, right surface, which is worked like the tenons on the other
engaged drums. Photo: author.
Figure 41. The spandrel zone of one of the side archways, with the outlines of the
sculpted blocks indicated. Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge drawing
(detail).
Figure 42. Spandrel 1, front surface. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1275.
Figure 43. Spandrel 3, front surface, depicting a genius figure. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1370
Figure 44. Spandrel 6, front surface, depicting a victory. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1139.
Figure 45. Spandrel 9, with a narrow pilaster in relief. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1523.
Figure 46. Spandrel 8, with a wide pilaster in relief. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1496.
Figure 47. Spandrels 11-12, with curved surfaces at bottom. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1329
Figure 48. Spandrel 7, front surface with fragment of a draped shoulder and a wing.
Note roughly worked vertical strip at right. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1522
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Figure 49. Spandrel 7, top, front, and right surfaces. Winged figure relief visible at left.
Note the notch in right surface. Photo: author.
Figure 50. Schematic plan of the possible relationship between Spandrel 7 (at left) and
an engaged column drum with projecting tenon (at center). Drawing by the
author.
Figure 51. Comparison of draped shoulders of Spandrel 7 (left) and Spandrel 6 (right).
Photos: left, Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1522; right, Diana Ng.
Figure 52. Sketch of Spandrel 7 (in gray) and a conjectural stone completeing the
figured part of the spandrel. Illustration by the author.
Figure 53. Voussoir moldings of the central archway. Kelsey Museum Archives,
Colby/Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 54. Voussoir 1, with front moldings at left and inset panel on archivolt at right.
Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1385
Figure 55. Springer 1. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1514
Figure 56. Calculation of the radii of the central and side arches. Kelsey Museum
Archives, Colby/Woodbridge notebook
Figure 57. Pilaster Capital 3. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1388
Figure 58. Elevation of pilaster capital as preserved. Kelsey Museum Archives,
Colby/Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 59. Elevation of Pilaster Shaft 1. Pilaster at left. Roughly worked strip at right.
Kelsey Museum Archives, Architectural Inventory.
Figure 60. Pilaster Shaft 1, front face. Kelsey Museum Archives KR048.12
Figure 61. Pilaster Shaft 2, elevation and plan. Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge
notebook.
Figure 62. Pilaster Base 1, elevation. Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 63. Pilaster Pedestal 1 as preserved today. Photo: author.
Figure 64. Pilaster Pedestal 1, elevation. Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge
notebook.
Figure 65. Narrow Arch 1. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1384.
Figure 66. Possible euthentyria course, northern part of arch foundations, from
northwest. Steps visible at lower right. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1116
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Figure 67. Same as fig. 59, viewed from east. Kelsey Museum Archives KR034.06
Figure 68. Possible euthynteria course, southern part of arch foundations, viewed from
the southwest. Kelsey Museum Archives KR047.06
Figure 69. Same as fig. 68, viewed from east. Kelsey Museum Archives KR034.04
Figure 70. Working plan of the Tiberia Platea and stairs. Kelsey Museum Archives,
Woodbridge drawing
Figure 71. Twelve stairs as preserved at northern end of the staircase. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1211
Figure 72. Seven stairs preserved at north end of staircase. The top six steps have
slumped forward, and the riser of the second step is nearly flush with the riser of
the first step. Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1116
Figure 73. Stair Pedestal Base 1, on north end of steps. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1114
Figure 74. Stair Pedestal Base 2, on south end of steps. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1115
Figure 75. Stair Pedestal Orthostat 1, elevation (top) and dowel holes in bottom
surface (bottom). Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 76. Stair Pedestal Orthostat 2, elevation (top) and dowel holes in bottom
surface. (bottom). Kelsey Museum Archives, Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 77. Stair Pedestal Base 1, elevation (top) and plan of dowel holes in top surface
(bottom). Kelsey Museum Archives, Colby/Woodbridge notebook.
Figure 78. Woodbridge’s drawings of Stair Pedestal Base 1 and Stair Pedestal
Orthostat 1, digitally joined by the author.
Figure 79. Stair Pedestal Orthostat 1. Kelsey Museum Archives KR047.11
Figure 80. Stair Pedestal Base 3, with moldings broken off. Kelsey Museum Archives
7.1133
Figure 81. Robbed out area where the fourth pedestal base would have been located.
Kelsey Museum Archives 7.1211
Figure 82. Fountain base at the bottom of the steps in situ in 1924. Kelsey Museum
Archives 7.1476
Figure 83. Terra cotta drain pipe discovered beneath the fountain base shown in figure
74a. The bottom surface of the fountian base, with the hole at its center, is visible
at top. Kelsey Museum Archives KR044.04.
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