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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD A C O M P A N I O N T O THE ROMAN EMPIRE EDITED BY DAVID S. POTTER A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-fiveandfortyconciseessayswrittenbyindividualscholarswithintheirareaofspecialization.The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars,students,andgeneralreaders. 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Potter (cid:1)2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofDavidS.PottertobeidentifiedastheAuthoroftheEditorialMaterialinthisWorkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionof thepublisher. Firstpublished2006byBlackwellPublishingLtd 1 2006 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcompaniontotheRomanEmpire/editedbyDavidPotter. p.cm.—(Blackwellcompanionstotheancientworld.Ancienthistory) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-631-22644-4(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN-10:0-631-22644-3(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Rome—History—Empire,30B.C.–476A.D.2. Rome—History—Empire,30B.C.–476A.D.—Sources.3.Rome—Civilization.I.Potter,D.S.(David Stone),1957–II.Series. DG311.P682006 937’.06–dc22 2005015454 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10/12ptGalliard bySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India. PrintedandboundinIndia byReplikaPressPvt.Ltd,Kundli Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,and whichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices. Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardusedhavemetacceptable environmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com For Claire and Natalie Contents List of Illustrations x List of Tables xiii Notes on Contributors xiv Acknowledgments xvi Reference works: Abbreviations xvii Ancientauthors:AbbreviationsandGlossary xx The Emperors of Romefrom Augustus toConstantine xxix Introduction: The Shape ofRoman History: TheFateof the Governing Class 1 David S. Potter PART I THE SOURCES 21 1 Constructing a Narrative 23 Cynthia Damon 2 Roman Imperial Numismatics 35 William E. Metcalf 3 Documents 45 TraianosGagos and David S. Potter 4 Art, Architecture, and Archaeologyin the Roman Empire 75 LeaStirling 5 Interdisciplinary Approaches 98 James B. Rives viii Contents PART II NARRATIVE 113 6 TheEmergence of Monarchy: 44 BCE–96 CE 115 GregRowe 7 Rome the Superpower: 96–235 CE 126 MichaelPeachin 8 TheTransformation of the Empire: 235–337 CE 153 David S. Potter PART III ADMINISTRATION 175 9 The Administration of theProvinces 177 CliffordAndo 10 TheTransformation ofGovernmentunder Diocletianand Constantine 193 Hugh Elton 11 TheRoman Army 206 Nigel Pollard 12 Greek Cities Under Roman Rule 228 Maud W.Gleason 13 Cities and Urban Life in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire 30 BCE–250 CE 250 Jonathan Edmondson PART IV SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE 281 14 TheImperial Economy 283 David Mattingly 15 Landlords andTenants 298 Dennis P.Kehoe 16 TheFamily 312 Judith Evans Grubbs 17 Sexualityin the Roman Empire 327 Amy Richlin 18 On Food andthe Body 354 Veronika E. Grimm 19 Leisure 369 GarrettG.Fagan 20 Spectacle 385 David S.Potter Contents ix PART V INTELLECTUAL LIFE 409 21 TheConstructionof the Past in the Roman Empire 411 RowlandSmith 22 Imperial Poetry 439 K. Sara Myers 23 Greek Fiction 453 Joseph L. Rife 24 Roman Law and Roman History 477 John Matthews 25 Roman Medicine 492 Ann Hanson 26 Philosophy inthe Roman Empire 524 Sara Ahbel-Rappe PART VI RELIGION 541 27 Traditional Cult 543 David Frankfurter 28 Jews andJudaism70–429 CE 565 Yaron Z. Eliav 29 Christians inthe RomanEmpirein the First Three Centuries CE 587 Paula Fredriksen 30 ChristianThought 607 Mark Edwards Bibliography 620 Index 681 Illustrations Maps 1 Provinces of the Roman Empireatthe deathof Trajan (AD 117) xxxi 2 Diocesesandprovinces of the RomanEmpireaccording tothe Verona List (c. AD 303–324) 172 Figures 2.1 ‘‘Crocodile’’ as from Nˆımes 39 2.2 Aureusof Octavian28 BCE 43 4.1 Portrait of Livia, wife of Augustus 78 4.2 Roman forum at Chemtou,with foundationsofNumidian tombs exposedatthe center 81 4.3 TheColosseumatRome 82 4.4 Statue of Artemisat the Hunt next to awallpainting of a muse in apartment 4 ofTerrace House 2,Ephesos 87 4.5 Infant buried inamphora atLeptiminus (Tunisia) 90 4.6a Statuette of the weary Herculesdiscovering son Telephos, found ina late-antique suburban villa atCorinth 95 4.6b Colossal statue of the WearyHercules found inthe Baths of Caracalla,Rome 96 6.1a–e TheJulio-Claudian house: (a) Augustus; (b) Tiberius; (c) Caligula; (d) Claudius;(e) Nero 119 6.2a and b Thepropaganda of the Galban revolution 124
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