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Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 The Roles of Religious Coping, World Assumptions, and Personal Growth in College Student Bereavement Benjamin Lord Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Psychology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2059 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact 1 College of Humanities and Sciences Virginia Commonwealth University This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Benjamin D. Lord entitled The Roles of Religious Coping, World Assumptions, and Personal Growth in College Student Bereavement has been approved by his committee as satisfactory completion of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science. Sandra Gramling, Ph.D., Director of Thesis Department of Psychology Wendy L. Kliewer, Ph.D., Committee Member Department of Psychology Everett Worthington, Ph.D., Committee Member Department of Psychology Clifford Edwards, Ph.D., Committee Member School of World Studies Wendy L. Kliewer, Ph.D., Director of Graduate Studies Fred Hawkridge, Ph.D., Interim Dean, College of Humanities and Sciences F. Douglas Boudinot, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate School Date 2  Benjamin D. Lord 2010 All Rights Reserved 3 THE ROLES OF RELIGIOUS COPING, WORLD ASSUMPTIONS, AND PERSONAL GROWTH IN COLLEGE STUDENT BEREAVEMENT A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. By BENJAMIN D. LORD Bachelor of Science, Longwood University, 2007 Director: Sandra E. Gramling, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May, 2010 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor on this project, Dr. Sandra Gramling, for her patience and support throughout the research process, as well as the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Clifford Edwards, Dr. Wendy Kliewer, and Dr. Everett Worthington, for their guidance, enthusiasm, and understanding. I would further like to recognize my family, without whom I would never have made it this far in the first place, and my many good friends, who have helped to make these years memorable and meaningful. iii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements………………………………………….…………………………….ii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….…….…vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………...……vii Abstract…………………………………………………………………...………….…viii Introduction……………………………………………………………………..…………1 Review of the literature……………………………………………………………………6 Bereavement………………………………………………………………7 Bereavement and young adults……………………………………….….10 Coping……………………………………………………………………12 A stress-and-coping model of grief………………………………13 Religion and bereavement……………………………………………..…17 Religious coping and bereavement………………………………19 Meaning-making…………………………………………………………20 Meaning-making and bereavement………………………………21 World assumptions………………………………………….……24 Religious coping and meaning-making……………………….…27 Growth following a loss………………………………………………….28 Religious coping and growth…………………………………….31 Religious coping, growth and world assumptions theory………..33 Spiritual wellbeing………………………………………………...……..34 iv Statement of the problem and hypotheses……………………………………………….37 Method………………………………………...…………………………………………41 Participants……………………………………………………………….41 Measures…………………………………………………...…………….42 Procedure………………………………….……………………………..50 Data analysis………………………………………………...…………...50 Results……………………………………………………………………………………53 Frequencies………………………………………………………………53 Demographic data………………………………………………..53 Characteristics of loss……………………………………………55 Coping strategies…………………………………………………56 Descriptive statistics……………………………………………………..58 Preliminary analyses……………………………………………………..59 Bivariate correlations……………………………………….……59 Structural equation models……………………………………………...62 Estimation of error terms………………………………………...62 Direct relationships between world assumptions and outcomes…64 Direct relationships between religious coping and outcomes……67 The mediated models….…………………………………………71 Examination of subscales………………………………………..77 Discussion………………………………………….…………………………………….80 Effects of religious coping on world assumptions……………………….82 Effects of religious coping on outcomes………..…….………………….83 Effects of world assumptions on outcomes……………………………...85 Summary of contributions………………………………………………..87 v Limitations and future directions………………………………………...89 List of References……..…………………………………………………………………92 Appendices A Demographic Questionnaire………………………………………………..103 B Characteristics of Loss………………………………………………………104 C RCOPE………………………………………………………………………106 D Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist…………………………………………….113 E World Assumptions Scale…………………………………………………...117 F Spiritual Wellbeing Scale……………………………………………………120 Vita……………………………………………………………………………………...121 vi List of Tables Page Table 1. Frequencies and percentages for demographic variables………………………54 Table 2. Frequencies and percentages for characteristics of the loss event…...…………55 Table 3. Frequencies and percentages for participant reports of most helpful coping strategies…………………………………………………………………………………57 Table 4. Descriptive statistics………………………………………………….…………..58 Table 5. Bivariate pearson correlations…………………………………….……………60 Table 6. Estimated error terms for the structural equation models………….…………..64 Table 7. Standardized path coefficients, standard errors, and significance levels for model depicted in Figure 1 (N=222)……………………………………………………..…..……66 Table 8. Standardized path coefficients, standard errors, and significance levels for models in Figures 2 and 3 (N=222)……………..……………………………………….70 Table 9. Standardized path coefficients, standard errors, and significance levels for model depicted in Figure 4 (N=222)…………………………………………………………….73 Table 10. Standardized path coefficients, standard errors, and significance levels for model depicted in Figure 5 (N=222)…………………………………………………….76 Table 11. Bivariate Pearson correlations between WAS first-order subscales and outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………78 vii List of Figures Page Figure 1. Structural equation model of direct effects of world assumptions on outcome variables (Standardized Solution, N=222)……………………………….………………65 Figure 2. Structural equation model of the direct effects of positive religious coping on outcome variables (Standardized Solution; N=222)……………………………………..68 Figure 3. Structural Equation Model of the Direct Effects of Negative Religious Coping on Outcome Variable (Standardized Solution; N=222)………………………………….69 Figure 4. Structural equation model of mediated relationship for positive religious coping (Standardized Solution; N=222)…………………………………………………………72 Figure 5. Structural equation model of mediated relationship of negative religious coping (Standardized Solution; N=222)…………………………………………………………75

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