The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election PDF
Preview The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election
THE ROLE OF TWITTER IN THE 2016 US ELECTION Edited By Christopher J. Galdieri, Jennifer C. Lucas and Tauna S. Sisco The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election “IstheTwitter-fueledriseofDonaldTrumpin2016aharbingerofthefutureora one-timeevent?TheRoleofTwitterinthe2016PresidentialElectionbringstogether valuableassessmentsoftheroleofTwitterin2016andbeyondinatimelyeffortto understandhowTwittermatteredthenandhowitmaymatterinthefuture.Social mediaisnotgoingaway,andpoliticalscientistsandcampaignsbothneedtobetter understanditsimplications.Thisbookisausefulfirststepinthatdirection.” —David P. Redlawsk, James R. Soles Professor, Political Science, University of Delaware,USA “TheexpansiveuseofTwitterbycandidates,politicalorganizations,themedia,and thepublicwasthemostsignificantdevelopmentintheevolutionofthenewmedia campaign in 2016. This timely and important volume provides a context for understandinghowTwitterbecameaforceinAmericanpolitics,andsortsoutthe complicated, often mystifying, use of Twitter by Donald Trump. The authors address these issues from a range of disciplinary approaches, and provide unique anddiverseinsights.Amust-readforpoliticalcommunicationscholarsandstudents aswellascampaignpractitioners.” —DianaOwen,AssociateProfessor,PoliticalScience,GeorgetownUniversity,USA “Twitter contains a lot of noise, but also a good deal of signal about modern American politics. These chapters skillfully examine how politicians communicate their campaign messages and policy stances in 140 characters while appealing to specific groups of voters and earning free media. The authors focus on our first Twitterpresident,butalsonotehowothercandidatesadapttheirownapproaches. Thisisvitalreadingforunderstandingmoderncampaigncommunicationsand2016 inparticular.” —SethMasket,Professor,PoliticalScience,UniversityofDenver,USA “OnecannotunderstandtheTrumpphenomenonwithoutunderstandingTwitter's roleinhisrise.Thisbookprovidesessentialmaterialforthelaymanseekingjustthat understanding.Trump’sTweetsweredifferentfromthoseofpriorcandidatesand fromTweetsofhiscompetition,aportionofthemediaandthepublicresponded, andinacloseelection,itmayhavemadethedifference.Campaigncommunication mayneverbethesameagain,andthisbookhelpsusunderstandwhy.” —Jeremy D. Mayer, Associate Professor, Schar School of Policy and Government, GeorgeMasonUniversity,USA (cid:129) (cid:129) Christopher J. Galdieri Jennifer C. Lucas Tauna S. Sisco Editors The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election Editors ChristopherJ.Galdieri JenniferC.Lucas SaintAnselmCollege SaintAnselmCollege Manchester,NewHampshire Manchester,NewHampshire USA USA TaunaS.Sisco SaintAnselmCollege Manchester,NewHampshire USA ISBN978-3-319-68980-7 ISBN978-3-319-68981-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68981-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017955264 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher, whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation, reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinany otherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublisher northeauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerial contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Coverillustration:AbstractBricksandShadows ©StephenBonk/Fotolia.co.uk Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgravePivotimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A CKNOWLEDGMENTS In March 2017, scholars from across the country gathered at the third American Elections Conference at the New Hampshire Institute of Politics onthecampusofSaintAnselmCollege.Thisbookwasinspiredbyasession onsocialmediaandthenationalelection.Wearegratefultotheconference participantsfortheirnoveldiscussiononanewformofcampaigncommu- nication. This conference would not have been possible without generous contributions of the Politics and Sociology Departments at Saint Anselm College, prior conference organizers Dr. Peter Josephson and Dr. Ward Holder,andourcolleagueswhograciouslymoderatedpanels.Further,we wouldliketopersonallythankKatelynEllison,LorieCochran,andBrandon Prattfortheirhardworkanddedication. ThisworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportoftheVice President for Academic Affairs Office atSaint Anselm College and the New HampshireInstituteofPolitics.WeareespeciallyindebtedtoBr.IsaacMur- phy,OSB,VicePresidentofAcademicAffairs;Dr.MarkCronin,Deanofthe College;andMr.NeilLevesque,ExecutiveDirectoroftheNewHampshire InstituteofPolitics. We would like to thank our editor at Palgrave Pivot, Michelle Chen, EditorialAssistantJohnStegner,andtheentireeditorialandproductionstaff. Finally, thank you to our partners, Kate, Dave, and Jim, with special thanks to our tiniest supporters: Veronica, Adelaide, Desmond, James, Sebastian,andGabriel. v C ONTENTS 1 Introduction:Politicsin140CharactersorLess 1 ChristopherJ.Galdieri,JenniferC.Lucas,andTaunaS.Sisco 2 LessIsMoreIdeological:ConservativeandLiberal CommunicationonTwitterinthe2016Race 7 MorganMarietta,TylerCote,TylerFarley,andPaulMurphy 3 TweetYouVeryMuch:AnAnalysisofCandidateTwitter Usagefromthe2016IowaCaucustoSuperTuesday 21 J.ScottGranberg-RademackerandKevinParsneau 4 CandidateImage:WhenTweetsTrumpTradition 45 KimHixson 5 TweetingontheCampaignTrail:TheWhen,How, andWhatofDonaldTrump’sTweets 63 LukePerryandPaulJoyce vii viii CONTENTS 6 DonaldTrump,Naturally:RevisionistEnvironmentalPolicy, GlobalWarmingTweets,andtheUnexpectedEmphasison ClimateChangeinthe2016Campaign 75 MarkJ.O’Gorman 7 CanWeatLeastAllLaughTogetherNow?Twitter andOnlinePoliticalHumorDuringthe2016Election 97 ToddL.Belt Index 119 A A BOUT THE UTHORS Notes on Editors ChristopherJ.Galdieri isAssociateProfessorofPolitics atSaint Anselm College.HereceivedhisundergraduatedegreefromGeorgetownUniver- sity and his doctorate from the University of Minnesota. He is a frequent commentatoronNewHampshireandpresidentialprimarypoliticsandhas published in Politics and Policy, New England Journal of Political Science, ColumbiaJournalismReview,andseveraleditedvolumes. Jennifer C. Lucas is Professor of Politics at Saint Anselm College. She holdsaPhDfromtheUniversityofMaryland—CollegePark.Herresearch, which focuses on the role of gender in campaigns, public policy, and congressionalpolitics,hasappearedinPolitics&Gender,AmericanPolitics Research,andSocialScienceQuarterly.Sheisalsotheformerco-editorofthe JournalofWomen,Politics,andPolicy. TaunaS.Sisco isChairandAssociateProfessorofSociologyatSaintAnselm College.ShereceivedherdoctoratefromPurdueUniversity.Herresearchon women,politics,andpublicpolicyhasappearedinFeministMediaStudies,The JournalofWomen,Politics,andPolicy,andseveralchaptersineditedvolumes. HerworkalsoincludestheHomelessAccessSurvey,afive-yearresearchstudy andpublicationswiththeNewHampshireDepartmentofHealthandHuman Services,BureauofHousingandHomelessness,whichassessedtheneedsand accessoftheNewHampshireadulthomelesspopulations. ix x ABOUTTHEAUTHORS Notes on Contributors ToddL.Belt isProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheUniversityofHawaiiat Hilo. His research and writing focuseson the mass media, public opinion, thepresidency,campaigns,andelections.Hisistheco-authoroffourbooks andhaspublishedoveradozenchaptersineditedscholarlybooksandover two dozen scholarly articles. He holds a PhD from the University of SouthernCaliforniaandistherecipientoftwoteachingawards. TylerCote isaseniorintheHonorsCollege,UniversityofMassachusetts Lowell.HisresearchonpoliticalrhetorichasbeenpublishedinTheForum: AJournalofAppliedResearchinContemporaryPolitics. TylerFarley isaseniorintheHonorsCollege,UniversityofMassachusetts Lowell.HisresearchhasbeenpublishedintheJournalofLaw&Courtsand TheForum:AJournalofAppliedResearchinContemporaryPolitics. J.ScottGranberg-Rademacker isProfessorofPoliticalScienceandPublic AdministrationatMinnesotaStateUniversity,Mankato.Hiscurrentresearch focusesontheimpactofTwitteroncampaignsandelections. Kim Hixson is Department Head of Journalism and Communication at UtahStateUniversity.HepreviouslyservedasChairoftheCommunication Department at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. He holds a PhD fromtheSouthernIllinoisUniversity.Hisresearchinterestsaresocialmedia in politics and media uses and gratifications. Hixson’s experience also includesservingtwotermsintheWisconsinlegislature(pre-ScottWalker). Paul Joyce is a 2017 graduate of the government program at Utica College and currently a Masters of Public Administration candidate at RockefellerCollege,TheUniversityofAlbany. MorganMarietta isAssociateProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheUniver- sity of Massachusetts Lowell and author of The Politics of Sacred Rhetoric: AbsolutistAppealsandPoliticalPersuasion,ACitizen’sGuidetoAmerican Ideology:ConservatismandLiberalisminContemporaryPolitics,ACitizen’s GuidetotheConstitutionandtheSupremeCourt:ConstitutionalConflictin ABOUTTHEAUTHORS xi AmericanPolitics,andtheforthcomingOneNation,TwoRealities:Dueling FactsinAmericanDemocracy. PaulMurphy isaseniorintheHonorsCollege,UniversityofMassachu- setts Lowell. His research on political rhetoric has been published in The Forum:AJournalofAppliedResearchinContemporaryPolitics. Mark J. O’Gorman is Professor of Political Science and Environmental StudiesProgramCoordinatoratMaryvilleCollege(MC)inEastTennessee. O’GormanwaspartoftheteamwhoseeffortsearnedMCaSierraMagazine “Cool Schools” distinction for the college’s excellence in environmental sustainability.Hisacademicpublicationsincludeworkonrenewableenergy, environmentally focused economic development, and environmental secu- rity. O’Gorman has advised the Obama administration’s Council on Envi- ronmentalQuality(CEQ)andhasbeenafrequenton-airUSelectionsexpert for Tennessee media. His book chapter on the Obama Administration’s environmental record was published in the predecessor to this text, The AmericanElection2012.O’GormanholdsaPhDfromtheMaxwellSchool ofCitizenshipandPublicAffairsatSyracuseUniversity. KevinParsneau isAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofGovernmentat Minnesota State University, Mankato, where he teaches US politics, the presidency, and public administration.Heresearchesthe presidency,execu- tive branch nominations, campaigns and primaries, and party elites, and his researchhasappearedinAmericanPoliticsResearch,PoliticsandPolicy,and theNewEnglandJournalofPoliticalScience.Hereceivedhisdoctoratefrom the University of Minnesota and his undergraduate degree from the UniversityofMontana. Luke Perry is Chair and Associate Professor of Government at Utica College and Director of the Utica College Center of Public Affairs and Election Research.Hisscholarlyfocusispresidentialelectionsandreligion andpolitics.Hismostrecentbookwillbeoutnextyearexaminingreligious responsestomarriageequalityacrossthepoliticalandreligiousspectrum.In additiontohisacademicwork,PerryisanelectionanalystforWKTVNews Channel2andnationalpoliticalcolumnistfortheUticaObserverDispatch. Hewasacorrespondentonthefloorofbothnationalpartyconventionsand thepresidentialinauguration.
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