the role of tourism activities on poverty alleviation in unguja zanzibar

111 Pages·2015·0.65 MB·English

THE ROLE OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN
UNGUJA ZANZIBAR: A CASE STUDY OF NUNGWI AND KIZIMKAZI
VILLAGES

AMOUR KHAMIS BAKARI

A DISSERTATION SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE
DEGREE OF MASTER IN TOURISM PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
(MTPM) OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

2015
ii

CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by
The Open University of Tanzania a dissertation titled “The role of tourism activities
on poverty alleviation in Unguja, Zanzibar” in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of Master of Tourism Management and Planning.

……………………………………….
Dr. Emanuel Patroba Mhache
Supervisor

………………………………..
Date
iii

COPYRIGHT

No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author or the Open
University of Tanzania in that behalf.
iv

DECLARATION

I, Amour Khamis Bakari, do hereby declare that this thesis titled “The role of
Tourism Activities on Poverty Alleviation in Unguja, Zanzibar” is my own work and
it has not been submitted or intended to be submitted for a similar degree any other
degree award.

…………………………………………..
Signature

………………………………………….
Date
v

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my family, brothers and sisters and my lovely wife Farhat
Abdallah May the Almighty Allah reward them abundantly for their support they offered
during my study.
vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah Rabbil-alamen thanks to Almighty Allah (SWT), the Merciful God,
without whose grace; this study would not have been accomplished. However, this
dissertation was made possible by the support and assistance of a number of people
whom I would like to personally thank. I would like to express my appreciation to my
beloved family, brothers and sisters, especially to my lovely sister FATMA KHAMIS
for her kind support from primary school to higher education, without her financial
support, advice and encouragement I could not be among the elite now. Special and
unique thanks are to my lovely wife FARHAT ABDALLAH who have supported and
encouraged my study at The Open University of Tanzania.
I am wholeheartedly thankful to my supervisor Dr. Emanuel Patroba Mhache for
giving me an opportunity to be his student in writing this dissertation. His genuine
encouragement, guidance and kind support from the initial to the final stage of the
completion of this study enabled me to develop a better understanding of the subject.
Without his advice, support and corrections, this work could not have been
completed. Additionally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my research
lecturer Dr. Shogo Mlozi who taught me how to conduct and write a better research
report. My sincere thankfulness is to Mr. Sariff A. Shariff – ZIPA Investment
director, Mr Abass Haji Abdalla – ZCT officer, PR of Nungwi Inn, HR of Langilangi
lodge, Sheha of Nungwi and Kizimkazi for valuable data and other useful materials
concerning Zanzibar tourism. Lastly, I am deeply grateful to Nungwi and Kizimkazi
villagers for their kindness during the time of data collection.
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ABSTRACT

This study examines the roles of tourism activities on poverty alleviation in Unguja,
Zanzibar. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in Zanzibar. Its rapid
expansion has been considered as an interesting possibility for poverty reduction.
Tourism becomes a significant industry in both poor and rich economies because of
its important impacts on economic, livelihoods and socio-cultural development.
Zanzibar currently is a poor country, but it has a glorious tourist attraction and will
have a glorious economy too if steps are taken in the right direction. One of the
sectors where this country has a great future is tourism, which can play a very
important role to alleviate poverty in rural areas. It is obvious that tourism
development has the potential of directly contributing to poverty reduction through,
among other things, the provision of employment opportunities to local people as well
as creation of markets for locally made goods. The study adopts descriptive research
design. The data were collected through Questionnaire, Interview and Observation
methods, while Qualitative and Quantitative data analysis approach was applied. The
study findings and analysis showed that tourism activities had contributed immensely
in improving the general welfare of the local people through increased income. It has
also reduced income poverty by increasing local purchasing power. On the other
hand, the price of the commodities has increased due to the development of tourism
and address some challenges faced poverty alleviation through tourism such as lack of
credits, lack of awareness on how to invest in tourism, lack of qualification to work in
the tourist hotel and ineffective local authorities. Finally, this study has come up with
some factors addressing the challenges facing tourism in poverty alleviation in the
local communities.
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TABLES OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ....................................................................................................... ii
COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vii
TABLES OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 General Objective ................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................... 6
1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 6
1.5 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................... 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Definitions of Concepts ......................................................................................... 8
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2.2.1Tourism .................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2Poverty ................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3Poverty Alleviation ................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Tourism: An Overview ........................................................................................ 10
2.3 Theoretical Literature Review ............................................................................. 10
2.3.1Individual Deficiencies Poverty Theory .............................................................. 11
2.3.2Cultural Poverty Theory ...................................................................................... 12
2.3.3Social Theory of Poverty ..................................................................................... 13
2.4 Empirical Literature Review ............................................................................... 14
2.4.1Roles of Tourism on Poverty Alleviation ............................................................ 14
2.4.2 Benefits of Tourism Activities ........................................................................... 19
2.4.3 Challenges Tourism is Facing in Poverty Alleviation ........................................ 22
2.5 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................... 23
2.6 Research Gap ....................................................................................................... 25
2.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................. 27
3.0 THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................... 27
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 27
3.2 The Study Areas .................................................................................................. 27
3.3 The Research Design ........................................................................................... 28
3.4 Targeted Population ............................................................................................. 28
3.5 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size ................................................................. 28
3.5.1 Sampling Procedure .......................................................................................... 28
3.5.2 Sample Size ...................................................................................................... 30
x

3.6 Source of Data .................................................................................................. 30
3.6.1 Secondary Data ................................................................................................. 31
3.6.2 Primary Data ..................................................................................................... 31
3.7 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................. 31
3.7.1 Questionnaires .................................................................................................. 31
3.7.2 Interview ........................................................................................................... 32
3.8 Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation ................................................ 33
3.9 Validity and Reliability ..................................................................................... 34
3.10 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................... 36
4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 36
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Characteristics of Respondents ........................................................................... 36
4.2.1 Gender of the Respondents ................................................................................ 36
4.2.2 Age of the Respondents ..................................................................................... 37
4.2.3 Education Level of the Respondents ................................................................. 38
4.3 Income of the Respondents ................................................................................. 39
4.3.1Individual Income per day before Tourism Development .................................. 39
4.3.2 Individual Income During Tourism Development ........................................... 40
4.4 Ways in which Tourism Contributes to Poverty Alleviation ............................. 41
4.4 Positive Impacts of Tourism ................................................................................ 42
4.4.1 Employment Creation ....................................................................................... 42
4.4.1.1 Employment Situation at Nungwi ................................................................ 43
4.4.1.2 Employment Situation at Kizimkazi ............................................................. 44