The Role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul-Aziz Al Sa'

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The role of the Ikhwan under ’Abdul-’Aziz Al Sa’ud
1916-1934.
Al-Azma’, Talal Sha’yfan Muslat
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Al-Azma’, Talal Sha’yfan Muslat (1999) The role of the Ikhwan under ’Abdul-’Aziz Al Sa’ud 1916-1934.,
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The Role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul-Aziz Al Sa'ud
1916-1934
Talal Sha'yfan Muslat Al-Azma'
Thesis Sumbmitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
In
Middle Eastern Politics
Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies
The copyright of this thesis rests
with the author. No quotation
from it should be published
without the written consent of the
author and information derived
from it should be acknowledged.
The Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Durham
July, 1999
1 0 APR 200fl
•
In the Name of Allah
o mankind! We have created from a male and a female,
and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know
one another. Verily, the most honoured of you in the
sight of God is (he who is) the most righteous of you.
Quran XLIX: 13.
Abstract
The study of the Ikhwan movement in Najd is an important study which will help us
to understand the historical and political development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
during the period of King 'Abdu-'Aziz Al Sa'ud. This study will investigate the Ikhwan
movement comprehensively from its creation in the Summer of 1916 until their
participation in the Yemeni War of 1934.
King 'Abdul-'Aziz was the founder of the Ikhwan movement although he did have a
conflict with a minority of the Ikhwan of Najd. This conflict has negatively affected the
history of the lkhwan in most academic studies to date. These studies have forgotten the
positive role of the Ikhwan in unifying the new Saudi State and they have ignored the
major role of the overwhelming majority of the loyal Ikhwan in punishing the dissidents
and rebels of the Ikhwan.
This study will be the first one which will deal with !khwan movement as a general
movement and the major role which it played in the unification the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia and it will investigate the conflict between King 'Abdul-'Aziz and the minority
of the Ikhwan. The study will also show how by the time of the war of Yemen in 1934,
the Ikhwan was once again a unified organisation.
1
Table of Contents

Abstract
1

Table of Contents u-xn

English Transliteration
VIII

Dedication ix

Copyright x

Declaration xl

Acknowledgements xl'

Introduction 1

1.Background to the Study I

1.1. The First Saudi State 1

1.2. The Second Saudi State 5

2.The significance of the Study 8

3. Purpose of the Study 10

4.The Literature Review 12

4.1. The Arab Writers 12

4.1.1. The National Arab Writers 12

4.1.2. The Writers of the Hadhar of Najd 14

4.1.3. Other Arab Writers 16

4.2. The Foreign Writers 17

4.3. The Doctoral Thesis 18

5.Plan of the Research 20

6.The Research Method 21

6. 1. Secondary Sources 21

6.2. The Documents 21

6.3. Newspapers 21

6.4. The Interviews 22
11
6.4.1. The Limitations of the Interviews 22
6.4.2. The Sample 22
6.4.3. The Constraints 23
6.4.4. Procedures of the Interview 23
7. The Tribal Structure 23
Chapter 1 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Saud and the Tribes of the Al-'Aridh Area, the
Ah1A1-'Aridh, which were Later to Become the Ikhwan
1902- 1916 28

1.Introduction 28

2.The Tribes of the Al-'Aridh Area 28

3.The Subay' Al-'Aridh tribe 31

3.1. The Leading Families 32

3.2. The Overall Leadership of the tribe 33

4.The Al-Suhul Tribe 33
5.The tribes of the Al- 'Arid/i Area and their Support for 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Sa'ud

1902-1916 34

5.1. From 1902 to 1906 35

5.1.1. The First Invasion of Al-Riyadh 35

5.1.2. The Second Invasion of Al-Riyadh 38

5.1.3. The Push to the South and the Southwest of Al-Riyadh 41

5.1.4. The Expansion to the North and the Northwest of Al-Riyadh 43

5.1.5. The Conquest of Al-Qasim 45

5.1.6. The Battle of Rudhat Muhanna 48

5.2. From 1906 to 1910 49

5.2.1. The Battle of Al-Majma'h 50

5.2.2. The Al-Trifyah Battle 51

5.2.3. The Battle of Al-Sibakh 52

5.3. From l9lOto 1916 53

5.3.1. The Hadyah Battle 54

5.3.2. The Battle of A1-Hariq 55
111
5.3.3. The Qidam Battle 56

5.3.4. The Battle of A1-Mijasah 57

5.3.5. The Abu Dakhan Battle 58

5.3.6. The Captivity of Sa'ad ibn 'Abdul-Rahman Al Sa'ud 58

5.3.7. The Battle of Al-Tamtayn 60

5.3.8. The Invasion of Al-Hasa 60

5.3.9. The Jirab Battle 61

5.3.10. The Battle of Kanzan 64

6.The External Influences 66

7. Conclusion 67
Chapter 2 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Sa'ud and the Formation of the Ikh wan
Movement 1916-1920 75
I. Introduction 75
2.The Foundation of the Ikhwan Movement in Najd 75
3. Teaching the Ikhwan their Religion by Sending the 'Ulama and the Mutaw'ah of
Najd to them 77
4.The HUar of the !khwan
4.1. The Mutayr Tribe 84
4.1.1. Tribal Divisions 84
4.1.2. The Hijar of the Mutayr tribe 85
4.2. The 'Utaybah Tribe 89
4.2.1. Tribal Divisions 89
4.2.2. The Hijar of the 'Utaybah Tribe 89
4.3. The Qahtan Tribe 93
4.3.1. Tribal Divisions 93
4.3.2. The Hijar of the Qahtan of Najd Tribe 93
4.4. The Subay' of Najd Tribe 95
4.4.1. Tribal Divisions 95
4.4.2. The Hijar of the Subay' of Najd Tribe 95
4.5. The Al-Suhul Tribe 96
iv
4.5.1. Tribal Divisions 96

4.5.2. The Hijar of the Al-Suhul tribe 97

4.6. The Harb Tribe 97

4.6.1. Tribal Divisions 97

4.6.2. The Hjar of the Harb Tribe 98

4.7. The 'Anizah Tribe 101

4.7.1. Tribal Divisions 101

4.7.2. The Hijar of the 'Anizah Tribe 102

4.8. The Shammar Tribe 103

4.8.1. Tribal Divisions 103

4.8.2. The Hyar of the Shammar Tribe 103

4.9. The AI-'Ajman Tribe 105

4.9.1. Tribal Divisions 105

4.9.2. The Hjar of the Al-'Ajman Tribe 106

4.10. The Bani Khalid Tribe 108

4.10.1. Tribal Divisions 108

4.10.2. The Hijar of the Bani Khalid Tribe 108

4.11. The Bani Hajir Tribe 109

4.11.1. Tribal Divisions 109

4.11.2. The Hijar of the Bani Hajir Tribe 109

4.12. The Al-Dawasir Tribe 110

4.12.1. Tribal Divisions 110

4.12.2. The Hjar of the Al-Dawasir Tribe 111

4.13. The Al-Murrah Tribe 112

4.13.1. Tribal Divisions 112

4.13.2. The Hijar of the Al-Murrah tribe 113

4.14. The Al-Zaflyr Tribe 114

4.14.1. Tribal Divisions 114

4.14.2. The Hoar of the Al-Zaflyr Tribe 114

4.15. The Hitaym Tribe 114
V
4.15.1. Tribal Divisions 114
4.15.2. The Hjjar of the Hitaym Tribe 115
4.16. The Al-'Awazim Tribe 115
4.16.1. Tribal Divisions 115
4.16.2. The Hjar of the AI-'Awazim Tribe 116
5.The Earliest Participations of the Ikhwan in the Battlefields 19 18-1920 116
5.1. The Battle of Turubah 117
5.2. The Al-Jahara Battle 120
6.The External Influences 122
7. Conclusion 124
Chapter 3 The Role of the Ikhwan in 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Sa'ud's Conquests
1920-1926 142
1.Introduction 142
2. Conquering 'Asir 142
2.1. The Surat 'Asir 142
2.2. The Tuhamat 'Asir 148
3. The Fall of Hail iso
4. The End of the Conflict between Najd and Al-Hijaz 153
4.1. The Invasion of Al-Taif 154
4.2. The Entry into Makkah 159
4.3. The Conquest of Jiddah 163
5.The External Influences 171
6. Conclusion 177
Chapter 4 The Conflict between 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Saud and his Allies in the
Ikhwan against the Dissidents and the Rebels of the Ikh wan
1926-1934 190
1.Introduction 190
2.The First Stage: Before the Battle of Al-'Ayaynah 191
2.1. The Frontier Troubles 192
2.1.1. The Najdi and the Transjordanian Frontiers 192
vi
2.1.2. The Najdi Iraqi Frontiers 194

2.2. The General Assembly 198

2.3. The Battle of Al-Sibalah 202

2.4. The Al-'Ayaynah Battle 213

3. The Second Stage: After the Battle of Al-'Ayaynah 215

3.1. The Aggression of Faysal Al-Dawish 216

3.2. The other Battles 217

3.2.1. The Battle of Ridha 217

3.2.2. The Umm Urdhumah Battle 218

3.2.3. The Battle of Al-Qa'yah 220

3.2.4. The Aggression of Miq'id Al-Dihinah 221

3.2.5. The Inqayr Battle 225

3.2.6. The other Battles during the Movement to Al-Shuki 226

3.2.6.1. The Battle of Hafar Al-Batin 236

3.2.6.2. The End of 'Au ibn 'Ashwan 237

3.2.6.3. The Death of Al-Siqhan 238

3.2.6.4. The End of the Aggression 239

4.The Unity between the Ikhwan 244

4.1. The Revolution of Hamid ibn Rifadah 244

4.2. The War of Yemen 245

5.The External Influences 250

6. Conclusion 250

Conclusion 271

Appendix
276

Bibliography
287
vii