The Role of the Biogeochemical Conditions of the Marine Environment on the Trace Element Content in Pacific Salmon

6 Pages·0.261 MB·English

by  Khristoforova N.K., Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D., Lukyanova O.N.

AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60
ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect
Achievements in the Life Sciences
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/als
The Role of the Biogeochemical Conditions of the Marine Environment on the
Trace Element Content in Pacific Salmon
NadezhdaК.Khristoforovaa,b,VasiliyYu.Tsygankova,⁎,
MargaritaD.Boyarovaa,OlgaN.Lukyanovaa,c
aFarEasternFederalUniversity,8SukhanovaStreet,Vladivostok690990,RussianFederation
bPacificGeographicalInstituteFEBRAS,7RadioStreet,Vladivostok690041,RussianFederation
cPacificResearchFisheriesCentre(TINRO-Centre),4ShevchenkoLane,Vladivostok690950,RussianFederation
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Availableonline7August2014 Thelevelsofsixchemicalelements(mercury,arsenic,lead,cadmium,zincandcopper)were
examinedintwospeciesofPacificsalmon,genusOncorhynchus,pinksalmon(O.gorbuscha),
Keywords: andchumsalmon(O.keta)thatwerecaughtintheKurilwatersinJuly2013.Concentrationsof
Mercury toxicelements(Hg,As,Pb,Cd)inbothspecieswereshowntobebelowthemaximumconcentra-
Arsenic tionlimitsofthesetraceelementsforseafood.Theconcentrationsoftheseelementswerecom-
Lead paredbetweenwildsalmonandhatcherysalmonofthePacificandAtlanticoceans.
Cadmium ©2014PublishedbyElsevierB.V.onbehalfofFarEasternFederalUniversity.
Zinc
Copper
Pinksalmon
Chumsalmon
Kurilwaters
Introduction
Despite the apparent uniformity and homogeneity of the water masses in the sea, there are areas similar to terrestrial
biogeochemicalprovinces.Abnormalitiesordeviationsfromthebackgroundintheenvironmentandbiotastipulatedbythe
geochemicalfeaturesofthesezonesarenotaspronouncedasinthesea.Theyappearnotonlyintheexistenceofendemicdiseases
causedbychangesinthemineralmetabolismofterrestrialorganismsbutalsoindistinctivebiocenosesandmineralcompositions
oforganisms.Inthesea,thedifferencebetweentheconcentrationsofelementsinabiogeochemicalprovinceandbeyonditmay
notbeassharpasonlandbecauseofthenatureoftheenvironment.
Theimpactzonesofanthropogenicorigin,establishedincoastalareas,arewellknown.Theyarecausedbytechnogenicpollution,
whichcreatesanabnormalconcentrationofanumberofelementsandcompounds.
Theimpactzonesofnatural-anthropogenicoriginareestuarineriverzones,whichreflectthenatureofthedrainedsoilsandthe
characterofpollutedwastewaterinthesolidandliquideffluenttothesea.
⁎ Correspondingauthor.
E-mailaddress:[email protected](V.YuTsygankov).
PeerreviewunderresponsibilityofFarEasternFederalUniversity.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.als.2014.06.009
2078-1520/©2014PublishedbyElsevierB.V.onbehalfofFarEasternFederalUniversity.
56 N.КKhristoforovaetal./AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60
Naturalimpactzonesoftheseas,whichhavepeculiarbiogeochemicalprovincesstipulatedbytheseepageofhighlymineralized
underseabrinesandareinfluencedbydeepandshallowstreamsofvolcanicproducts,areunderstudied.Onlyupwellings,ashighly
productiveareasoftheocean,havelongattractedscientificstudy.Theremainingzoneswithpeculiarbiocenoseshavebeenstudied
forthreeorfourdecades.However,althoughthestudyandselectionofbiogeochemicalprovincesonlandhasalongerhistory,it
beganrelativelyrecently,inthe1930s,byV.I.VernadskyandA.P.Vinogradov.
ThewatersoftheKurilIslandsandtheKamchatkacoastalwatersareareaswheretheeffectofupwellingandvolcanismisclearly
manifested.However,althoughthehighproductivityoftheSeaofOkhotskandtheKuril–Kamchatkaregionanditscausesarethe
subjectofthedetailedscrutinyofhydrobiologists,hydrochemists,andfisheryscience,thechemicalcompositionoforganismsand
thefactorsthatdeterminethecontentofmicro-elementsinorganismsaremuchlessstudied.Duringthe1980–1990s,inhabitants
oftheintertidalandsubtidalzonesofKamchatkaandKurilIslands,primarilyindicatororganisms,suchasclamsandbrownmytilids
fucusalgae,interestinglyshowedenrichmentbyheavymetals—cadmium,zinc,nickelandotherelements.Thoughthesebenthic
organismscharacterizedthechemicalandenvironmentalconditionsoftheirhabitat,theydidnotgiveanideaofthemoreopen
watersoftheregioninhabitedbynektonorganisms.Themostrepresentativeorganismsarepelagicfish,andamongthem,the
mostimportantspeciesfromaneconomicpointofviewarethesalmons.
SalmonarelargepelagicfishthatliveprimarilyinthenorthernpartsofthePacificandAtlanticoceans,theArcticOceanandinthe
basinsofrivers.Thetwomostrepresentativeandabundantgroupscanbedistinguishedamongthefishofthesalmonfamily
(Salmonidae):AtlanticsalmonandPacificsalmon.ThemostdistributedrepresentativeofAtlanticsalmonisSalmosalar.Theleading
genusofPacificsalmonisOncorhynchus,whichincludespinksalmonO.gorbuscha,chumsalmonO.keta,sockeyeO.nerka,coho
O.kisutch,ChinooksalmonO.tshawytscha(kingsalmon),andSimO.masou.ThereareseveralspeciesofthegenusSalmointhePacific,
buttheyarefewerinnumbercomparedwiththePacificsalmongenusOncorhynchus.
AtlanticsalmoncanbefoundonbothsidesoftheAtlanticocean,butitsnumbershavedroppeddrastically.Bytheendofthe
twentiethandbeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturies,wildAtlanticsalmonbecametheobjectofscientificresearchandsportfishing.
Currently,morethan99%ofAtlanticsalmonliveinfishponds.LeadersintheproductionofhatcherysalmonareNorway(520–550
thousandtonnesofAtlanticsalmonandtrout)andChile(approximately450thousandtonnesofAtlanticsalmonandtrout)
(Worldreview…,2012).Atthesametime,50%ofPacificsalmonreproduceonnaturalspawninggrounds,whileaquarterofthelive-
stockpopulationspawnsinKamchatka.However,evenifPacificsalmonarereproducedinfishponds,aftertheirrelease,theyfeedin
theopenseaandoceanwaters—inotherwords,theyleadapascuallifestyle.
Asinhabitantsoftheepipelagiczone(0–200m),salmondwellmainlyintheupperlayer(0–50m).ThepascualareaofPacific
salmoninwintertimeislocatedbetween40and45°NintheSubarcticorArcticfront,markedbyhighbiologicalandfishery
productivity.Withthecomingofspring,thewarmingoftheupperlayersofwaterandabundantplanktondevelopmentthezone
ofactivelifeshiftstowardstheNorthandNortheast.Salmonfollowitwithoutleavingtheeutrophicarea,whichisthereasonfor
theirrapidgrowth.MasusalmonistheonlytypeofPacificsalmonfoundonlyontheAsianshore,mainlyintheSeaofJapan.Chum
andpinksalmonprevailonbothsidesofthePacific—fromthePetertheGreatBayandSanFranciscototheBeringStrait.
SockeyeandChinookarequitecold-waterspecies,widelyprevailingalongtheAmericancoast.Chinookisthelargestspeciesof
Pacificsalmon,referredtobyAmericansasKingsalmon.AllPacificsalmonspawnonlyonceduringtheirlifetime,perishingafter
spawning. This feature is distinctive from the Atlantic salmon, which spawn up to four times (Rukhlov, 1982; Shuntov and
Temnykh,2005).Differentsalmonspeciesspawnatdifferentages:chumenterstheriveronthethirdtofifthyearsoflife;pinksalmon,
growinganddevelopingfasterthanchum,returns18monthsaftermigrationintothesea;Sockeyesalmonspendfrom1to5years
(average2–3years)inthesea;andChinooksalmonlivefrom1to6years(average3–4years).
AllPacificsalmonembedtheirhardroeintheground(inadughole);therefore,theychoosegravelandpebble,withouta
muck-bottom.Afterthefertilizationofhardroe,thefemalefillsinthehollowwithpebbles.Theroedevelopsunderthehill,while
Table1
InshorecatchingofPacificsalmoninthemainfisheryareasoftheFarEastin2011,th.tonnes(ShuntovandTemnykh,2011).
Area Allspecies Pinksalmon Chum Sockeye
Anadyr 2.1 0.4 1.4 0.3
Karaginsky 186.3 177.7 6.4 2.0
Petropavlovsk-Commander 18.1 4.7 2.3 9.3
WestKamchatka 44.7 6.0 14.9 21.0
Magadanregion 11.6 9.4 2.1 –
NortherncoastofSeaofOkhotsk(Khabarovskyregion) 14.5 4.7 9.4 0.1
Amurbasin 19.0 4.4 15.6 –
SakhalinIsland(SeaofOkhotsk) 192.3 176.7 15.5 –
SouthKurilIslands 11.5 6.2 5.3 –
NorthernKurilIslands 3.0 0.3 1.2 0.9
TatarStrait(Khabarovskyregion) 0.2 0.1 0.1 –
Primorye 0.1 0.01 0.1 –
SouthwestSakhalin 1.2 0.05 1.2 –
All6speciesoftheFarEasternbasin 504.6 389.7 75.6 33.6
N.КKhristoforovaetal./AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60 57
formedalevinstayinitfortheresorptionofthevitellineeggs.Fryinsomespeciesimmediatelymigratewiththestream(chum,pink
salmon),whiletheothersremainintheriverforayearortwoyears(sockeye,chinook,coho,masusalmon).Experimentshaveproved
thatsalmonfindtheirriverbysmell,nomatterhowstrongitis.
ThemainlocationsofconcentrationsofPacificsalmoninRussianwaterscanbedividedintoseveralgroupsthatdifferinspecies
composition,biomassquantityofsalmonanddurationoftheperiodoftheirelevatedconcentrations.Thus,chumandsockeyesalmon
dominateinthedeepwaterareaoftheBeringSea,whilepinkandchumsalmondominatetherestofspeciesinthedeepwaterareaof
SeaofOkhotsk.TheNorthernKurilstraitsarethemainmigrationcorridorforspawningschoolsoftheWesternKamchatkasockeye,
coho,chinook,chum,andpinksalmonfingerlingsmigratingintotheocean.TheKurilwatersandtheSeaofOkhotskaredominatedby
pinkandchumsalmon.NortherndeepwaterareasoftheSeaofJapanaswellastheKurilwatersserveastransitzonesfortheWestern
Kamchatkasalmonmigrations:masuandpinksalmonspawninAprilandJuly,autumnchumspawnOctober–December,whilemasu
andpinksalmonjuvenilesgrowthroughthefallandwinter.IntheoffshoreareasoftheFarEasternseas,significantsalmonconcen-
trationsareobservedonlywhenthesireapproachestospawnandduringtheredistributionofjuvenilesthatmigrateddownintoopen
waters.ThisperiodlastsfromJunetoSeptember(Temnykh,2004).
Pacificsalmonrepresentthelargestgroup,andtherefore,itisveryimportantforfisherypurposes.Ninetypercentofthecatches
areprovidedbythreemajorspecies:pinksalmon,chumandsockeye(Table1).
Pinksalmonisthemostnumerous,smallestandfastest-growingspecies.IthasaleadingdistributedvalueinRussianwaters
(Table1).Althoughchumisthesecondmostnumerousspeciesafterpinksalmon,ithasahighernutritionalvalueandthereforea
higherdemand.
Westudiedthelevelsofsixelements–Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb,As,andHg–inchumandpinksalmonspeciesofPacificsalmoncaughtinthe
KurilwatersinJuly2013andcomparedtheconcentrationsoftheseelementsinthewildsalmonandPacificandAtlanticsalmon
speciesgrowninfishponds.
Amongthestudiedtraceelements,thefirsttwo,copperandzinc,areessential(indispensable)orrealbioelements.Thelast
four,cadmium,lead,arsenic,andmercury,arenon-essential,buttheyarealmostconstantlypresentinbodyorgansandtissues.In
additiontothebiologicalsignificance,theseelementsalsohavedistinctphysicalfeatures.Copperandzinc,ifnotintroducedinto
theenvironmentfromcopper–zincproductionanduseoftheiralloysandcompoundsinmachineryequipment(oremining,
oreenrichmentandsmelting,electroplatingworkshops,anti-corrosioncoatings,etc.)aretracersofanthropogenicimpactonthe
environment.Lead,cadmiumandmercury,toppingallofthe“blacklists”ofheavymetalsduetotheirtoxiceffectonorganismsin
1960–1970s,aretracersoftechnologicalenvironmentalimpact(Khristoforova,1989).
MaterialsandMethods
Informationonthecontentoftraceelementsinfishnotonlyrepresentsascientificinterestindicatingtheobjectqualityandthe
qualityoftheirhabitatbutalsohaspracticalimportance.Itisessentialforthepopulationthatusesfishdirectlyforfoodandforthe
processingindustry.IntheRussiancontext,salmonsareusedalmostentirely,withminimumwaste.Therefore,theidentificationof
micro-elementswasconductedusingentirefishcarcassesmilledforhomogeneity.Forthepurposesofanalysis,sixunitsofpink
andchumwerecaughtattheendofJuly2013inthenorthwesternPacificOceanrelativelyclosetotheKurilIslandsarea(46°39′N,
163°38′E)duringrecordexpeditionoftheTINROCentre.
Alloftheelements,exceptmercuryweredeterminedinthehomogenatesofcarcassesandorgans,whichweredriedat85°
followingthemineralizationofsamplesbyconcentratedHNO ofHighPuritygrade,accordingtoGOST26929-94ontheatomic
3
absorptionspectrophotometerShimadzuAA6800.Theelementidentificationaccuracyaswellasthepossiblecontaminationof
samplesintheanalysiswerecontrolledaccordingtothefourcalibrationsolutions,includingthebaseline(zero)solution.Statistical
dataprocessingwasperformedusingthestandardExcelsoftware.Theresultswererecalculatedtowetweight.
Mercurywasidentifiedinfrozen(−20°)carcasshomogenatesafterthemineralizationofthesamplesbynitricacidwithhydrogen
peroxide.Themassconcentrationofmercury(ppmofwetweight)wasfoundbystrippingvoltammetry(SV)usingtheanalyzer
Table2
Averageconcentrationofthetraceelements(ppmofwetweight)inPacificsalmon(M±m,n=3)fromthenorth-westernPacific.
⁎ ⁎⁎
No. Traceelements,ppmofwetweight
Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
1 2.24±0.64 0.12±0.04 0.07±0.01 0.54±0.18 0.92±0.28 0.07±0.01
2 2.48±0.74 0.11±0.03 0.08±0.01 0.68±0.20 0.94±0.28 0.09±0.02
3 3.15±0.87 0.17±0.08 0.11±0.03 0.77±0.23 1.27±0.37 0.12±0.04
4 3.34±0.93 0.16±0.07 0.12±0.04 0.95±0.28 1.32±0.39 0.15±0.04
⁎ 1—pinksalmon,♂,weight(g)—1208–1459;2—pinksalmon,♀,weight(g)—1168–1272;3—chum,♂,weight(g)—1564–1609;4—chum,♀,weight(g)—
1670–1982.
⁎⁎ MPCoftoxicelementsinfishandfishproductsinRussia:Pb—1.0;As—5.0;Cd—0.2;Hg—0.2ppmofwetweight(inCanada:Hg—0.5;intheUnitedStates:Cd—3;
Pb—1.5;As—86ppmofwetweight).
58 N.КKhristoforovaetal./AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60
“Tomanalyt”(TA-4).Theelementcontentinthesamplesolutionswasidentifiedusingtheadditionmethodofcertifiedmixtureswith
establishedcontentofelements.
ResultsandDiscussion
TheanalysisresultsaredemonstratedinTable2.
Ascanbeseeninmaleandfemalepinksalmonofsimilarmass,theconcentrationsofelementshavefewdifferences.Atthelevelof
trends,onlythecontentofZn,PbandHgareslightlyhigherinfemaleindividuals.Inchumsalmon,inwhichallofthesampleswere
muchlargerthanpinksalmon,theidentifiedelementswerepresentinlargerquantities.Amongthefishthatwerecaught,chum
femaleswerelargerthanmales,andtheconcentrationsofalloftheelements,exceptcopper,werehigherthaninmaleindividuals.
Therefore,inwildfishthatgainedweightintheocean,adirectrelationshipbetweentheweight(andsize)ofindividualsandthe
contentoftraceelementsisobserved.Thisconsistencyisdisruptedwhenfisharegrowninstockingponds,wherethegrowthruns
inashortperiodof12to23months(dependingonspecies)comparedwiththe2-to5-year-longlifeofwildsalmon.Inaperiodof
rapidandextensivegrowth,theaccumulatedcontaminantsare“diluted”bymacronutrients,suchasproteinsorlipids.Canadian
researchersKellyetal.(2008)foundasignificantcorrelationbetweentheconcentrationoftotalmercuryinfishfilletsanditssize
(kg)forwildchinook:themercurycontentvariedfromapprox.0.01ppmfor2kgfishto0.1ppmfor8kgfish.
Assessingtheoverallconcentrationsoftoxicelementsfoundinchumspecimensthatwerecaughtintheocean,itisimportantto
emphasizethattheyarebelowtheMPClevelsdeterminedinRussiaandarealsolowerthaninthestandardsadoptedbyCanadaand
theUnitedStates.
Thesameauthors(Kellyetal.,2008)identifiedabroadrangeoftraceelementsinbredandwildsalmon,includingthewildchum
fromtheinshorewatersofBritishColumbia.Theydemonstratedthattheconcentrationsofnon-essentialelementsrangedfrom0.001
ppmforCdto1ppmforAs.PbandHgconcentrationsrangedbetween0.01ppmand0.05ppm.Thecontentoftheessentialelements
CuandZnfluctuatedbetween1and5ppm.Whiletheconcentrationsofzincinlocalchumandpinksalmon(2.24–3.34ppmofwet
weight)werethesameasinthesalmonoftheCanadianPacificcoast,theconcentrationofcopperwassignificantlylowerthaninthe
BritishColumbiasalmon.Hgconcentrationsinlocalsalmonvariedfrom0.07to0.15ppm,andleadconcentrationsrangedfrom0.30to
0.95ppm—thatis,theyweremorethananorderofmagnitudehigher.ConcentrationsofAsinlocalandCanadiansampleswereal-
mostidentical,whilethecontentofCdwassignificantlyhigherinlocalsalmon.
Itisimportanttoemphasizethatforeignauthors,providedataonthecontentoftraceelementsinfishfillets.However,in
discussingtheresultsofTable2,weconsidertheentirefishcarcass.
For a correct comparison of our results with the data reported in the works of foreign authors, we also determined the
concentrationsofelementsinthemusclesofPacificsalmonandcomparedthemwiththepublisheddataforAtlanticsalmon—salmon
rearedincages(Tables3and4).
AscanbeseenbycomparingthedataofTables2and3,thecontentoftraceelementsinsalmonmuscleissignificantlylowerthan
intheentirecarcass.Itistwotimeslowerformercury,whichisfoundprimarilyinadiposetissue;aboutoneandahalftimeslowerfor
lead,whichisconcentratedmainlyinthebonesoffish;twotimeslowerforcadmium,whichaccumulatesmainlyintheliver;and
almosttwotimeslowerforzinc,whichprimarysedimentatesinthegillsandthegonads.Onlytheconcentrationsofthecopper
andarsenicremainthesamebothintheentirecarcassandthemuscles.
Although,duetotheadjustmentforseveralmuscles,thecontrastoftraceelementlevelsinthesalmonoftheKurilandCanadian
waterswasreduced,anditisclearthatthefishoftheWesternPacificcontaingreatercadmiumandleadconcentrationsandlower
concentrationsofcopperthanthefishoftheEasternPacific.
Acomparisonoftraceelementcompositionofthetwogroupsofsalmon(Tables3and4)revealsthatthemercuryinWestern
PacificsalmonisaboutthesameasinAtlanticsalmon,althoughtheconcentrationofthisstrictlyregulatedelementisthelowestin
themuscleofPacificpinksalmon.ArsenicisdistributedmoreuniformlyinthewildPacificsalmonsamples,rangingfrom0.89ppm
inpinksalmonto1.36ppminchumsalmon.ThegreatestvariabilityamongtheAtlanticsalmonbredintherearingchannelsisob-
servedintheNorwegianfishfillets.Itrangesfrom0.45to2.33ppm,whiletheaveragearsenicconcentrationsarequitesimilarin
bothgroupsofsalmon.CadmiumconcentrationsintheNorwegiansamplesthatweremeasuredindifferentyearsdifferbyan
orderof magnitude, ranging from undetectabletraces to 0.11 ppm. In cadmiumcontent, Pacific salmon standsbetween the
NorwegianandCanadianfish.
Table3
TheaveragecontentoftraceelementsinthemusclesofPacificsalmon(M±m,n=3)(July,2013).
No.⁎ Definingelements,ppmofwetweight
Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
1 1.24±0.31 0.10±0.04 0.03±0.02 0.45±0.10 0.89±0.32 0.02±0.01
2 1.33±0.25 0.11±0.05 0.04±0.01 0.55±0.10 0.97±0.42 0.04±0.01
3 1.74±0.40 0.15±0.06 0.05±0.03 0.63±0.15 1.25±0.44 0.06±0.01
4 1.88±0.36 0.16±0.07 0.06±0.02 0.78±0.10 1.36±0.57 0.08±0.01
⁎ 1—pinksalmon,♂,weight(g)—1208–1459;2—pinksalmon,♀,weight(g)—1168–1272;3—chum,♂,weight(g)—1564–1609;4—chum,♀,weight(g)—
1670–1982.
N.КKhristoforovaetal./AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60 59
Whilethedistributionofthreeelements–Hg,As,andCd–infilletsofPacificandAtlanticsalmonappearstobemoreorlesssimilar,
thecontentoftheotherthreeelementsindifferentgroupsoffishdifferssignificantlyandrequiresadeeperanalysisofthecauses.
AcomparisonofthedatainTables3and4indicatesthatthefilletsofsalmongrowninfishpondscontains5–10timesmorezinc
andcopperthanthewildPacificsalmonmuscle.Aswasnotedabove,ZnandCuarethetracersofanthropogenicimpactonthe
environmentandbiota.Thereisnodoubtthatsalmonbredintheinshorezonewillbeaffectedbyhighercontaminationofshallow
watercomparedtotheopenocean.Additionally,thereisanimpactoffeedpreparedbyman,sometimescontainingfreshwater
fish.Finally,regardlessofthemanufacturers'endeavors,NorwegianfishwillbeaffectedbytheinfluenceoftheGulfStream,apow-
erfulstreamofstartingofftheAmericancoastthatcollectsthecoastaleffluentsanddischargesthemontheScandinavianshore.
ItcanbenotedthatunlikebredAtlanticsalmon,thewildPacificchumandpinksalmoncaughtintheKurilwatershavehigh
concentrationsoflead.WhiletheleadcontentinthebredsalmonfilletsfromboththeAtlanticandEasternPacific(Canada)ranges
between0.02and0.15ppm,itincreasesinthemusclesofKurilWesternPacificsalmonfrom0.45ppminmalepinksalmonto0.78
ppminfemalechum.
Aswaspreviouslymentioned(Kellyetal.,2008),theconcentrationsinwildsalmonsmayreflectgeographicvariationsin
theenvironment.Theyarereflectednotonlyinsalmonandotherfishbutalsoinallaquaticandterraneousorganisms.Despitethe
apparenthomogeneityofthewatermassesinthesea,therearebiogeochemicalprovinces,asonland,thatmanifestintheoriginal
mineralcompositionoforganisms(Khristoforovaetal.,1979;KhristoforovaandBogdanova,1981).ThePacificRingofFirestarting
fromthevolcanoesofKamchatkacontinuingwithvolcanosofKurilislands,JapaneseislandsandsouthernWesternPacificisland
arcsisapowerfulsourceofgeochemicalimpactsonthemarineenvironment.Thesupplierofchemicalelementsintheenvironment
isunderwaterandabove-watervolcanism.Forexample,onasmalluninhabitedcoralisland,Bio(SolomonIslands),thereasonfora
particulargeochemicalenvironmentincoastalwatersthatcausedanincreaseinthemetalcontentinCaulerpaandHalimedalesalgae
wastheashfallsfromthevolcanoMbanya,located100kmawayfromtheisland(KhristoforovaandBogdanova,1980).Asaresultof
post-volcanicprocesses,kilogramsofFe,Mn,Ag,Cu,andothermetalsareejecteddailyfromdeeplayersand,afterdissolutioninthe
thermalwaters,arecarriedbystreams(Markhinin,1985).
Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, which delivers nutrients (Propp and Propp, 1988) and other elements through upwelling
(MalinowskayaandKhristoforova,1997)intheupperlayersofthewater,isalsoasourceoftheformationofimpactgeochemical
zonesintheNorthwesternPacific.Thestudyofthemetalcontent(Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb,Ni,Cr)inbrownalgae,bivalvesandgastro-
podsthatinhabittheKurilIslandsandfoulthenavigationbuoysalongtheNorthwesternPacificcoastrepeatedlydemonstratesthe
existenceofbiogeochemicalprovincesinthesea,identifiedbyelevatedconcentrationsofelementsinorganisms(Khristoforova
andKavun,1988;Kavunetal.,1989,2002;KavunandKhristoforova,1991;MalinowskayaandKhristoforova,1997).
IncontrasttoZnandCu,whichareactivemigrantelementsthatarepresentinthemarineenvironmentinasolubleformandare
easilyspreadbycurrents,Pbinsaltwaterisfoundpredominantlyinasuspendedformthatislessmobileandmorelocalized(Yeats,
1988;Khristoforovaetal.,1993;Khristoforova,1994).Itappearsthatthisweakmigrantismoreeasilyfixedbyorganismsforthis
reason.First,itisfixedbyplanktonandthenbyitsconsumernekton,includingthemassfishoftheupperpelagicandthestudied
Pacificpinkandchumsalmon.
Conclusion
Withal,thewildPacificpinkandchumsalmoncaughtintheKurilwaters,meetstherequirementsforseafoodforthecontentofthe
regulatedtoxicelementsCd,Pb,AsandHg.Thecontentofeachelementdoesnotexceedthemaximumpermittedconcentrationsap-
provedbytheRussianstandards.DifferencesinthecontentofelementsinwildPacificsalmonandAtlanticsalmonbredinpondsrep-
resentagreatscientificandpracticalinterest.HigherconcentrationsofZnandCuinfarmedsalmonandofPbinpinkandchum
salmonfromtheKurilwatersarecausedbythesamefactor—thegeochemicalconditionsoftheenvironment.However,theimpact
conditionsofthecoastalwatersevaluatedbysuchtracersaszincandcopperarecausedbyanthropogenicactivity,whiletheimpact
zonesinthewatersoftheWesternPacificareformedundertheinfluenceofnaturalfactorsofmodernvolcanismandupwelling.
Acknowledgments
TheresearchwassupportedbyRFBRgrant(no.12-04-32043)andtheScientificFundofFEFU(no.12-04-13000-33/13).
Table4
TheconcentrationoftraceelementsinthemusclesofSalmosalarbredinarearingchannel.
Country Year Theconcentrationoftoxicelements,ppmwetweight Source
Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Iceland 2004 – – 0.08 0.15 0.80 0.073 Ásmundsdottiretal.,2005
Norway 2002 – – 0.03 0.02 2.33 0.072 Eastonetal.,2002
Norway 2003 18.50 1.11 0.00 0.10 0.53 0.09 Liasetetal.,2003
Norway 2007 5.48 0.49 0.11 0.09 0.45 0.129 Sivakumaretal.,2007
Norway 2010 17.25 1.13 0.01 0.08 1.13 0.09 Maldeetal.,2010
60 N.КKhristoforovaetal./AchievementsintheLifeSciences8(2014)55–60
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