The Role of Perches in Accelerating Seed Arrival in Human abandoned Clearings Within Bhadra Tiger Reserve, India

2008·3.1 MB·

by  Karthik Teegalapalli

Journal ofthe Bombay Natural HistorySociety, 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008 317-322
THE ROLE OF PERCHES INACCELERATING SEED ARRIVAL
IN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS WITHIN BHADRATIGER RESERVE, INDIA
KarthikTeegalapalli1,AnkilaJ. Hiremath2andDevcharanJathanna3
'WildlifeConservation Society-IndiaProgram, Post-graduate PrograminWildlife BiologyandConservation,
NationalCentreforBiologicalSciences,POBox: 6501, Hebbal, Bengaluru560065, Karnataka,India,
Emai1: [email protected]
2AshokaTrustforResearchinEcologyandEnvironment, K-l CommercialComplex, Birbal Road,JangpuraExtension,
NewDelhi 110014, India. Email: [email protected]
3WildlifeConservationSociety-IndiaProgram,CentreforWildlifeStudies26-2,AgaAbbasAliRoad(Apt:403),Bengaluru560042,
Karnataka, India. Email: [email protected]
Seed arrival is often the primary limitation to forest regeneration in denuded landscapes, with the number of seeds
arrivingdiminishingrapidlywithincreasein distancefromremnantseedsources. Wecomparedseedraincollected at
different distances from the forest edge in seed rain traps with and without introduced bamboo perches in human-
abandonedagricultural clearingsin BhadraTigerReserve.The numberofseedscollected pertrapbelowperches was
38 times greaterthan the numberofseedscollected in traps without perches. The speciesrichness ofseeds collected
pertrapbelowpercheswasten-foldgreaterthan intrapswithoutperches. Ourstudyshowedthat introducingartificial
perches is an effective methodtoimprove seed arrival into tree-less habitats, as has been found in studies elsewhere.
Keywords: Agricultural clearings, bird-perches, regeneration, seed rain
INTRODUCTION clearings within Bhadra Tiger Reserve (Bhadra TR). These
clearings were abandoned following a voluntary relocation
Vegetation recovery in human-abandoned agricultural programme in 2002. We investigated patterns in arrival of
fields and pastures, especially in the initial stages, has been wind- andbird-dispersed seeds in seed traps below bamboo
shown to be severely impeded by factors such as the perches, and in control traps, at different distances from the
unavailability of seeds, harsh micro-climatic conditions, forest edge, in 5 out of the 13 abandoned clearings in
degraded soil, competition withexisting vegetation, and high BhadraTR.
rates of seed and seedling predation. Primary amongst these
METHODS
factors isthe lackofseedarrivalfromadjoiningforests (Aide
and Cavelier 1994; Duncan and Chapman 1999; Holl 1999;
Cubina and Aide 2001). In tropical forests, more than Study area
70-80% tree species are animal-dispersed and their dispersal BhadraTR (13° 22'-13° 47' N; 75° 29’-75° 47' S, area:
is likely to be adversely affected by habitat modification as 492 sq. km) is located within the Western Ghats biodiversity
animals are less likely to traverse open habitats (Howe and hotspot in India (Conservation International 2005, Fig. 1).
Smallwood 1982). BhadrawasnotifiedasaTigerReservein 1998,andthereserve
Remnanttreesinclearingsfosterregenerationbyaiding is rich in faunal and floral diversity (Karanth 1982; Jathanna
arrival ofbat- and bird-dispersed seeds by providing perch- 2001).TheReserveiscomposedofmoistdeciduousforestsin
sitesaswellasmicro-habitatsforregenerationofshade-loving the southern portion, with dry deciduous forests towards the
species (Willson and Crome 1989; Duncan and Chapman north(Meher-Homji 1990).Thepresentstudywascarriedout
1999;Tohetal. 1999;Galindo-Gonzalezetal. 2000;Guevara in the abandoned village sites of Madia, Vadihaddi, Hipla,
etal. 2004).Restoringdisturbedhabitatsbyplantingseedlings Kesave and Karvani. The clearings in the five abandoned
may often be expensive in terms of money and labour villages aggregate toabout 130haofriparianhabitat.
(McClanahan and Wolfe 1993). Alternate measures such as
introducing artificial perches to simulate remnant trees in Field methods
clearings have resulted in an increase in seed arrival and in A350m longforest-fieldedgewasselected ineachof
some cases, a slight increase in seedling densities as well the five clearings. Along this edge, fivepoints were marked
(McClanahanandWolfe 1993;AideandCavelier 1994;Holl at random and transects radiating into the clearing were
1998; Shiels and Walker2003). established at each of these points for recording arrival of
We investigatedwhetherintroducingbamboo-perches wind-dispersed seeds. Each transectconsistedofseventraps
improves arrival of bird-dispersed seeds in agricultural radiating into the clearings at distances of0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
ROLE OF PERCHES IN ACCELERATING SEED ARRIVALIN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS IN BHADRATR
Fig. 1: On left: Mapof Bhadrashowingthe Bhadra reservoirtothenorth-west, andthelocationofabandonedsettlements (Insetmap
shows location of Bhadra within peninsular India). On right: (enlarged view ofthe area demarcated in the figure on left): Five ofthe
13abandoned settlements in Bhadrathatwerechosen as replicate sitesforthisstudy
and 64 m from the forest edge. Seed traps consisted ofpits, distributionoferrors,andtoremoveheteroscedasticityinthe
0.1 m deep and 1 x 1 m wide, lined with cloth to enable data. Fewbird-dispersedseeds(about0.1 seed/5 fortnights/
detection ofsmall seeds. Seed traps were visited fortnightly sq. m) were collected beneath perches in Hipla (a clearing
(five visits) between March 15 and May 31, 2006. During with many remnant trees - more than 50 in the c. 1.6 ha
each visit, the pits were emptied and seeds of tree species sampled for seeds) and data from this clearing were not
countedandcollectedinnumberedbags. Sincemosttreesin includedinthe analysis. Theeffectsofperches anddistance
BhadraflowerandfruitduringtheFebruary-Maydryseason, fromedgeonseedarrivalwereinvestigatedusinggeneralised
thesamplingperiodcoincidedwiththemainwindowofseed linear models (GLMs [McCullagh and Nelder 1989]).
dispersal inthis forest. Log-transformedseedrainwasusedastheresponsevariable.
Bird perches were erected along one of the five Thepresenceofperches(i.e., ‘perch/noperch,’ acategorical
transects established in each clearing, chosen at random variable)anddistancefromtheforest-fieldedge(acontinuous
(Fig.2).Percheswerebamboopoles(Bambusaarundinacea) variable) were usedas thepredictorvariables. Interceptand
m
about 7 tall, and had at least ten lateral branches. Seed slope parameters were estimated for the following models:
traps below the perches trapped both wind- and bird- (a)seedrainasafunctionofperches,(b)seedrainasafunction
dispersed seeds. Seed rain below the bird-perches was ofdistancefromtheedge,(c)seedrainasafunctionofperches
also collected fortnightly, with five collections between + distance from the edge, and (d) seed rain as a function of
March 15 and May 31, 2006. perches + distance from the edge + an interaction between
perches and distance from the edge. These models were
Analytical methods compared using AIC (Akaike’s Information Corrected
c
Sites (i.e. village clearings) were considered as Criterion),andtherelativeimportanceofthedifferentmodels
replicates and seed rain datafrom transects within each site wasassessedbasedonAICcweights(BurnhamandAnderson
werepooledforanalysis,aftercompositingbydistance. Seed 1998; Johnson and Omland 2004). Statistical analysis was
rain density was log-transformed to achieve normal carriedout using software R, version 2.5.0.
318 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008
ROLE OF PERCHES IN ACCELERATING SEEDARRIVAL IN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS IN BHADRATR
,
Pais;?
Fig. 2: Bamboo bird-perches (height: 7 m) erected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 m from theforest edge in Karvani,
oneoftheabandonedclearingswithin Bhadra
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the mean density of wind- and bird-dispersed seeds that
arrived below perches were about 25 times that of seeds
Effectofpercheson seed arrival into clearings collectedfromtrapswithoutperches(128.86±155.85cf.5.09
Frugivorous birds observed frequenting the perches ± 3.95). Perches not only enhanced the numbers of seeds
includedJungleMyna(Acridotheresjuscus).CommonMyna arriving, but also augmented the mean number of species
(A. tristis), Grey-headed Starling (Sturnia molabarica) and arriving intoplots in clearingsby afactorof 10.
Red-whiskeredBulbul(Pycnonotusjocosus).Atotalof4,051 The genus Ficusaccounted forthree ofthe ten species
wind-dispersed seeds of 19tree species were collectedfrom (and95%ofallseeds)collectedbelowperches. Ficusspecies
175 seed rain traps over five fortnightly collections. Atotal areofconsiderablevaluetoforestsinAsiaaskeystoneresources
of3,715bird-dispersedseedsof10treespecieswerecollected due to their large crop size and asynchronous phenology
from 35 traps below perches in comparison with 390 bird- (Borges 1993; Shanahanetal. 2001).About40%oftheFicus
dispersed seeds of 7 tree species collected from 140 traps seedswerefromspeciessuchasF. religiosaandF.mysorensis,
without perches over the same sampling period (refer which are often cultivated in villages in India. Seed arrival
m
Appendix). wasaslowas0.1 seed/sq. duringthestudyperiodinHipla,
The results of GLMs suggested that the perches had aclearingwithmanyremnanttrees,indicatingthatperchesare
strongest effect on seed arrival (Table 1, Fig. 3). Distance likely to be effective only in tree-less sites where birds are
from the forest-field edge had little-to-noeffect on numbers perch-limited, and notin sites with remnant trees.
of bird-dispersed seeds that arrived below perches. At any Artificial perches have been introduced in other
given distance from the forest-field edge, the mean density clearings adjoining forests (McClanahan and Wolfe 1993)
of bird-dispersed seeds collected under perches (seeds / withvaryingdisturbancehistories,suchasgrazing(Aideand
5fortnights/sq.m)wasabout38timesthatofseedscollected Cavelier 1994;Holl 1998),andlandslides(ShielsandWalker
fromtrapswithoutperches(106.2±95.0cf.2.8±3.8),whereas 2003). These studies have shown that seed arrival below
1 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008 319
ROLE OF PERCHES IN ACCELERATING SEED ARRIVALIN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS IN BHADRATR
lackofimprovedseedlingestablishmentinthesestudieswas
attributedtofactorssuchasharshmicro-climaticconditions,
seed predation, lack ofnutrients in the soil and competition
fromexisting vegetation in the clearings.
Factorssuchasperchheightanddesignmayalsoaffect
thenumberofbirdvisits: seedarrivalhasbeenreportedtobe
higherbelowrelativelytallertrees,becausetheytendtoattract
more species ofbirds; tallerperches, similarly, are likely to
attractagreaternumberofbirdspecies(DuncanandChapman
1999; Toh et al. 1999). Holl (1998) found higher bird visit
ratesto, and seeddispersal below,branchperchescompared
Perches withcrossbarperches.Theheightofperchesusedinthisstudy
(about7mcomparedwithaveragecanopyheightof25-30m
Absent
| | inBhadra)andtherelativelythinlateralbranchesofbamboo
I I Present perches mayhavedeterredlarger-bodiedfrugivores,suchas
barbets (Megalciima spp.) and green pigeons (Treron spp.)
from visitingthe perches.
Fig. 3: Numberofseedscollected in seedtrapswith and Implicationsforrestoration
withoutbird-perches infiveabandonedclearingswithin Bhadra Clearings within forests help maintain high densities
atdifferentdistancesfrom the forestedge. Data are numberof
ofherbivores (andconsequently, large carnivores), andthus
seeds (bird-andwind-dispersed) collected between March 15
and May31, 2006 management interventions frequently focus on maintaining
suchclearings (Schaller 1967; Karanth and Sunquist 1992).
perches is higher by a factor of 20 (Holl 1998; Shiels and In thecaseofBhadra,the abandoned agriculturalfieldsmay
Walker2003) to 150 (McClanahan andWolfe 1993) than in be maintainedasclearings, akintomanagementpracticedin
siteswithoutperches. However, the effectivenessofperches other protected areas in India (e.g., Kanha and Nagarahole
in increasing seed rain was not reflected in seedling National Parks). However, findings from our study provide
establishment;onlyoneofthesestudiesreportedanincrease insightsforrestorationofslash-and-bumfallows,abandoned
inseedlingestablishment(McClanahanandWolfe 1993).The tea and coffee plantations, and other degraded lands where
Table 1: Effectofperchescompared with that ofdistance from the forest edge, the combined effect ofboth, and interaction
betweenthetwo, on numberofbird-dispersed seedsthatarrived below perches infiveabandonedclearingswithin BhadraTR
A
Model Estimated parameters (SE) Model AIC
c
AIC likelihood weights
c
Perch Intercept Perch 0 1 0.73
0.713(0.125) 0.847(0.176)
Perch + Intercept Distance Perch 1.99 0.37 0.27
Distance
0.689 (0.146) 0.001 (0.004) 0.847 (0.178)
Perch + Intercept Distance Perch Distance x Perch 2.83 0.24 0
Distance
+ Perch 0.762 -0.003 0.701 0.008 (0.008)
* Distance (0.165) (0.006) (0.233)
Distance Intercept Distance
1.112 (0.138) 0,001.(0.005) 18.26 0 0
Perch * Distancedenotesinteraction betweenthetwo predictorvariables
320 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008
ROLE OF PERCHES IN ACCELERATING SEEDARRIVAL IN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS IN BHADRATR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
the management objective is clearly to restore the original
vegetation.
Wefoundthatintroducingperchesisasimpleandpractical We thank the Rhino and Tiger Conservation Fund
methodtoovercometheprimary limitationofseedarrival into (US Fish and Wildlife Service), the Wildlife Conservation
clearings and deforested land adjacent to forests, especially in Society-India Programme, and the Centre for Wildlife
relatively open sites where birds are perch-limited. Improved Studies, Bengaluru, for funding and supporting this
seed arrival does not necessarily translate into an increase in study, and Shankaranna, Prasad, Pradeep, and Subhash
regeneration, however. In order to foster regeneration, for assistance with data collection. The Karnataka Forest
augmenting seed arrival may need to go hand-in-hand with Department granted permission to work at Bhadra
interventionstoovercomeotherbarrierstoregenerationsuchas and provided logistical support. We also thank Drs. Ajith
harshmicro-climaticconditions,competitionwithexistingshrubs Kumar and Jagdish Krishnaswamy for their valuable
andgrasses, andseedandseedlingpredation. comments.
REFERENCES
Aide,T.M.&J.Cavelier(1994):Barrierstolowlandforestrestoration ungulates in BhadraTiger Reserve, Karnataka, M.Sc. Thesis,
inthe SierraNevadade SantaMarta,Columbia. Rest. Ecol. 2: Saurashtra University.
219-229. Johnson,J.B.& K.S.Omland(2004):Modelselectioninecologyand
Borges, R.M. (1993): Figs, Malabar giant squirrels, and fruit evolution. TREE19: 101-108.
shortages within two tropical Indian forests. Biotropica 25: Karanth,K.U.&M.E.Sunquist(1992): PopulationStructure,density
183-190. and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of
Burnham, K.P. & D.R. Anderson (1998): Model selection and Nagarhole, India.J. Trap. Ecol. 8: 21-35.
inference:apracticalinformation-theoreticapproach.Springer- Karanth,K.U. (1982): BhadraWildlifeSanctuaryanditsendangered
Verlag,New York, USA. 353 pp. ecosystem.J. BombayNat. Hist. Soc. 79: 79-86.
Conservation International, Biodiversity Hotspots (2005): McClanahan, T.R. & R.W. Wolfe (1993): Accelerating forest
Conservation International, Washington, DC. URL: http:// succession in a fragmented landscape: The role of birds and
www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/. perches. Consent Biol. 7: 279-288.
Cubina, A. & T.M. Aide (2001): The effect of distance from forest McCullagh, R & J.A. Nelder (1989): Generalized Linear Models.
edge on seed rain and soil seed bank in a tropical pasture. Chapman and Hall, London.
Biotropica 33: 260-267. Meher-Homji, V.M. (1990): Vegetation types of India in relation to
Duncan,R.S. &C.A.Chapman(1999): Dispersalandpotentialforest environmental conditions. Pp. 95-110. In: Daniel, J.C. &
succession in abandoned agriculture in tropical Africa. Ecol. J.S. Serrao (Eds): Conservation in developing countries:
Appl. 9: 998-1008. problemsandprospects. Proceedingsofthecentenaryseminar
Galindo-Gonzalez,J.,S.Guevara&V.J.Sosa(2000): Bat-andbird- of the Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University
generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in a tropical Press, Bombay.
rainforest. Conserv. Biol. 14: 1693-1703. Schaller,G.B.(1967):TheDeerandtheTiger.UniversityofChicago
Guevara, S., J. Laborde & G. Sanchez-Rios (2004): Rain forest Press, Chicago.
regenerationbeneathcanopyoffigtreesisolatedinpasturesof Shanahan-, M., S. So, S.G. Compton & R. Corlett(2001): Fig-eating
LosTuxtlas, Mexico. Biotropica36: 99-108. by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biol. Rev. 26:
Holl, K.D. (1998): Dobirdperchingstructureselevate seedrainand 529-572.
seedling establishment in abandoned tropical pasture? Rest. Shiels,A.B.&L.R.Walker(2003):Birdperchesincreaseforestseeds
Ecol. 6: 253-261. on Puerto Rican landslides. Rest. Ecol. 11: 457-465.
Holl, K.D. (1999): Factors limiting tropical rain forest regeneration Toh, I., M. Gillespie & D. Lamb (1999): The roleofisolatedtreesin
in abandoned pastures: Seed rain. Seed germination, facilitatingtreeseedlingrecruitmentatadegradedsub-tropical
Microclimateand Soil. Biotropica31: 229-242. rainforestsite. Rest. Ecol. 7: 288-297.
Howe,H.F.&J. Smallwood(1982):Ecologyofseeddispersal.ARES Willson, M.F. & F.H.J. Crome (1989): Patterns of seed rain at
13: 201-228. the edge of a tropical Queensland rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol.
Jathanna, D. (2001): Density, biomass and habitat occupancy of 5: 301-308.
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008 321
ROLE OF PERCHES IN ACCELERATING SEED ARRIVAL IN HUMAN-ABANDONED CLEARINGS IN BHADRATR
Appendix
List oftree species, seeds ofwhich were collected from seedstraps in this study in Bhadra. Also given are the location where each
species was encountered (i.e., whether in clearings, C, or in the adjoining forests, F), and the species' dispersal mode
(A=animal-, B= bird- & W = wind-dispersed)
Tree species Family Clearing/Forest Modeofdispersal
Semecarpusanacardium Anacardiaceae C B/A
Alstoniascholaris Apocynaceae C/F W
Stereospermumpersonatum Bignoniaceae C/F W
Terminaliaalata Combretaceae C/F W
Terminaliapaniculata Combretaceae C/F W
Albizzialebbeck Fabaceae C/F W
Albizziaodoratissima Fabaceae C/F W
Buteamonosperma Fabaceae C/F W
Cassiaspp. Fabaceae C/F W
Cassia tora Fabaceae C/F W
Dalbergialatifolia Fabaceae C/F W
Erythrinaindica Fabaceae C/F W
Erythrinaspp. Fabaceae C/F W
Pongamiapmnata Fabaceae C/F W
W
Pterocarpusmarsupium Fabaceae F
Lagerstroemialanceolata Lythraceae C/F W
Cipadessabaccifera Meliaceae C B/A
Ficusracemosa Moraceae C B/A
Ficusmysorensis Moraceae C B/A
Ficusreligiosa Moraceae C B/A
Oleadioica Oleaceae C B/A
Ziziphusxylopyrus Rhamnaceae C B/A
Atalantiamonophylla Rutaceae C B/A
Santalumalbum Santalaceae C B/A
Grewiatiliaefolia Tiliaceae C B/A
Tectonagrandis Verbenaceae C W/A
Bird-dispersed seedswerecollected below bamboo perches erected intheclearings
322 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105 (3), Sep-Dec 2008