The role of livestock for ACP countries: Challenges and opportunities ahead

39 Pages·2012·2.28 MB·English

B r D B
russels ural evelopment riefings
a aCp-eu
series of meetings on

Development issues
The role of livestock for
ACP countries: Challenges
and opportunities ahead
Resources on The role of livestock
sector in ACP countries1
Compiled by Isolina Boto and Camilla La Peccerella (CTA)
Revised by Ronalee Biasca in September 2012
The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
Briefing n. 12 We acknowledge the input received
for this Reader from:
The role of
Compiled by Isolina Boto and
livestock for
Camilla La Peccerella (CTA)
ACP countries:
Revised by Ronalee Biasca in
Challenges and September 2012
opportunities
This Reader is not intended to
ahead exhaustively cover the theme of
livestock farming and trading and its
role in ACP countries but to provide
some background information and
selected information resources. Most
Brussels, 1 July 2009
text of this Reader has been directly
taken from the original documents
or websites. For additional inputs,
kindly contact Isolina Boto (boto@
cta.int) or Ronalee Biasca (biasca@
cta.int). The Reader and most of the
resources are available at http://
brusselsbriefings.net/.
The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
Index
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................4
2. The Livestock sector: an overview ...............................................................................................................................................5
3. L ivestock role in agricultural development ................................................................................................................................7
4. L inkages between the livestock
sector and poverty .........................................................................................................................................................................13
4. 1 T he density and distribution of poor livestock keepers: some data ...........................................................................................13
4.2 T he role livestock plays in poverty reduction .......................................................................................................................................14
5. L ivestock sector developments: which challenges? ................................................................................................................18
5.1 L ivestock and the environment ....................................................................................................................................................................18
5.2 L ivestock and human health: exploring the linkages..........................................................................................................................19
5.3. L ivestock and animal health: a threat to livelihoods and trade ...................................................................................................20
6. Policy challenges ...........................................................................................................................................................................22
7. T he role of livestock in the development agenda ...................................................................................................................25
Resources available online (English and French) ........................................................................................................................28
Websites ..............................................................................................................................................................................................33
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................................35
Endnotes .............................................................................................................................................................................................39
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The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
1. Introduction
Livestock is the principal user Livestock also provides traction for have expanded rapidly in East and
of global land and a significant about 50% of the world’s farmers Southeast Asia, and in Latin America
source of livelihood for about 1 and is a source of organic fertilizer and the Caribbean, but growth
billion people, of whom 800 million for most of the world’s croplands, in sub-Saharan Africa has been
are poor. It affects, positively or converting waste products into very slow. Fast growth in human
negatively, the natural resource inputs in the production of high- populations in some developing
base, public health, social equity, value food. For these reasons, the countries combined with low
and economic growth. sector has a critical role to play in productivity per animal have made
making agriculture sustainable, in it hard for livestock production in
Driven by population growth, reducing poverty, and in contributing those areas to keep up. There is also
urbanization, and increased income, to economic growth. As experience considerable variation within the
the demand for animal- source food has shown in both industrialized and developing world, with sub-Saharan
products in developing countries is developing parts of the world, if the Africa and South Asia producing at
rapidly increasing. Livestock, which sector is left to the market, major much lower levels per person than
already constitutes 30% of the negative effects occur. Public policy Latin America and the Caribbean.
agricultural gross domestic product is therefore necessary enhance the
(GDP) in the developing world, and sector’s contribution to equitable The International Livestock Research
about 40% of the global agricultural economic development and mitigate Institute (ILRI) estimates that about
GDP, is one of the fastest-growing its negative impacts on public health, 35 percent of poor livestock keepers
subsectors in agriculture. Growing social equity, and the environment2. live in South Asia, about 30 percent in
demand presents real opportunities Sub-Saharan Africa, about 15 percent
for economic growth and poverty While the global supply of livestock in East and South East Asia and the
reduction in rural areas. It could products has more than kept up with remainder are distributed across Latin
directly benefit the 1 billion poor the human population expansion, America, West Asia and North Africa,
people who depend on livestock as a the situation has not been the same Europe and Central Asia.
source of income and subsistence. in all regions. Production levels
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The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
2. The Livestock sector: an overview
Agriculture can make a major by Delgado et al. as the “Livestock future5. Growing demand presents
contribution to poverty reduction Revolution”. Between 1975 and real opportunities for economic
as about 50-75% of the world’s 2001, for example, annual per-capita growth and poverty reduction in rural
poor depend on it as part of their consumption of poultry, pork, beef, areas. It could directly benefit the 1
livelihood. Apart from having a direct and milk grew by 5.9%, 4.0%, 3.2%, billion poor people who depend on
impact on farm incomes and rural and 1.7% respectively. The share livestock as a source of income and
employment, agricultural growth also of world consumption of meat by subsistence. Livestock also provides
stimulates other forms of growth developing countries increased from traction for about 50 percent of
through demand for non tradable 36% in 1983 to 57% in 2003 and of the world’s farmers and is a source
and consumption linkages. milk from 24% to 45%. However, of organic fertilizer for most of
despite this rapidly increasing the world’s corplands converting
Since in most developing countries share of global consumption in waste products into inputs in the
agricultural populations continue developing countries, per-capita production of high-value food. For
to grow while agricultural land consumption is still comparatively these reasons, the sector has a critical
cannot expand at the same rate, low. In developed parts of the world, role to play in making agriculture
agricultural production cannot easily commercialization took place a long sustainable, in reducing poverty, and
be expanded horizontally. Rather, time ago, and the transition from in contributing to economic growth.
productivity gains, measured in extensive to intensive production
terms of value of output per area often entailed major negative Economic importance
of land, are essential to increase environmental consequences.
of livestock systems
agricultural production and thereby
raise rural incomes and feed growing Livestock production and in developing country
urban and rural populations. merchandizing in industrialized
regions: the case of
countries are big businesses,
Livestock products provide an accounting for 53% of the agricultural sub- Saharan Africa
example of high-value agricultural GDP. However, production and
produce, with roughly three out of consumption of livestock products Asia represents almost 60% of the
four agricultural households already in the developed world are now total value of animal production in
keeping livestock3. growing only slowly or stagnating. the developing world. Then follows
Health concerns, low or zero the Latin America and Caribbean
Key data and trends population growth, and saturated region with just over 25%, West Asia
markets have resulted in a scant 0.5% and North Africa with 8%, and sub-
annual increase in per-capita meat Saharan Africa with around 7%.
The livestock sector in developing and milk consumption. Between 1980
countries accounts for more than and 2002, total meat production For developing countries as a
a third of the agricultural gross increased by just 22%. Poultry and whole, the annual economic value
domestic product and is growing pig production increased by only of production of milk, pork, poultry
faster than most other agricultural 1% annually, while ruminant meat and eggs, and beef and veal is
subsectors, constituting 30 percent production actually declined by approximately the same, at around
of the agricultural GDP in the 7% over the 22-year period.The US$40 billion each. Mutton has
developing world, and about 40 combination of strong growth in a value only 12% of this amount.
percent of the global agricultural demand in the developing world However, as with poultry, small
GDP. This growth is driven by the and limited to negative growth in ruminants have a special worth for
rapidly increasing demand for demand in industrialized countries resource-poor livestock keepers in
livestock products. Population represents a major opportunity for view of their low capital value per
growth, urbanization, and increasing livestock keepers in developing head and short generation intervals6.
income are driving demand for countries, where most demand is met
animal-source foods in developing by local production, and will continue Livestock production is switching
countries, a phenomenon described to be well into the foreseeable from extensive (grazing) to intensive
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The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
(stall-fed poultry, pigs, and dairy and the International Livestock decades and could improve the well-
cows), increasing the demand for Research Institute (ILRI) shows being of many rural poor as both
feed grains, including oilseeds. that production of certain food consumers and producers.
commodities will have to increase
In developing countries, 28% of more rapidly than others in In contrast to the familiar Green
grain consumption was already different parts of the world to meet Revolution that started in plant
used for feed in 2005. But the use expected demands. Whereas only production 30 years ago, a livestock
of cereals for feed is growing more marginal increases in consumption revolution is just underway to meet
slowly than the increase in meat of meat and milk are expected in the increase in demand for food
production because other feedstuffs, the developed world, increases of animal origin. Such a revolution
such as oilseed meals and cassava, of 114% and 133% respectively are assumes a wise use of natural
are substituted for cereal grains, and projected until the year 2020 for resources, including animal and
the share of poultry in total meat meat and milk consumption in the plant genetic resources, in order to
production is growing7. developing world. The projected be realized.
production increases to meet these
In the tropics and subtropics of sub- demands in developing countries The challenge is how to take
Saharan Africa, the system in the arid amount to 108% for meat and advantage of prevailing trends for
and semi-arid grasslands is the most 145% for milk. The greatest (85%) the benefit of the rural and sub-
economically important. Next are increase in world meat consumption urban poor livestock keepers in
the mixed rainfed systems—first in will be developing countries, with developing countries rather the
the humid and sub humid lands and highest increases occurring in Asia, more industrialized production in
then in the arid and semi-arid lands. specifically East Asia. Also, more other parts of the world. Already
The two grassland systems, in the than 90% of the world’s predicted predictions are that unless major
temperate and tropical highlands and 60% increase in milk consumption improvement in productivity occurs,
in the humid and sub humid tropics will occur in Asia, mainly South Asia. East Asia and Africa will increasingly
and subtropics, each are about 25% However, for the next 10 to 25 years, remain net importers of meat and
the value of the foremost grassland minimal growth will take place in the milk products.
system. Beef, veal and milk represent overall global consumption of these
the most valuable animal products in two livestock products. For cereals, milk and dairy products,
sub-Saharan Africa, ahead of sheep South Asia, Africa and East Asia will
and goat meat and poultry and eggs, The demands for increased increasingly become net exporters
which are all of almost equal value8. animal products are higher than of cereals. More than 70% of the
for cereals because of changing predicted increase in the world’s
Livestock Revolution consumption patterns following meat consumption will be in form
urbanization, population growth of pork and poultry, most of which
Underway
and projected income growth. Diets will be produced under intensive
with more high-value protein and industrial production, partly
Estimates of realized and micronutrients will improve human explaining the predicted trends in
projected consumption trends health and the livelihood of many inter-regional cereal trade9. The
by the International Food Policy poor people. The implications of higher pace of industrialisation will
Research Institute (IFPRI), the increased food production and continue, especially for pig and
Food and Agriculture Organization changed diets of billions of people poultry production.
of the United Nations (FAO) may be dramatic in the next few
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The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
3. L ivestock role in agricultural
development
Table 2.8
Livestock sector’s contribution to agricultural GDP, and annual livestock sector growth, by region, 1990 and 2007
LIVESTOCK SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO AGRICULTURAL GDP,* AND ANNUAL LIVESTOC K
SECTOR GROWTH, BY REGION, 1990 AND 2007
Region/ 1990 2007 Annual growth rate
country
Agricultural Livestock Livestock: Agricultural Livestock Livestock: Agriculture Livestock
(billion production agricultural production production agricultural (%) (%)
international (billion GDP (billion (billion GDP
dollars) international (%) international international (%)
dollars) dollars) dollars)
EAP 244 58 23.7 478 145 30.3 4.0 5.6
China 173 45 25.8 355 120 33.9 4.3 6.0
EECA 142 95 67.0 120 53 44.5 -1.0 -3.3
LAC 111 49 43.8 190 81 42.7 3.2 3.0
NENA 36 12 33.7 60 22 36.7 3.1 3.6
South Asia 149 43 29.1 241 82 33.9 2.9 3.8
India 106 29 27.2 170 54 31.9 2.8 3.8
SSA 61 17 28.1 97 26 26.6 2.8 2.4
All regions 742 274 36.9 1,185 408 34.5 2.8 2.4
* Livestock sector GDP is frequently underestimated owing to accounting methods that do not (fully) include products such
as manure and services such as draught power, the benefits of which are allocated to other sectors (for an example see
Behnke, 2010).
Source:F AOSTAT, 2010.
Livestock production
In other cases, mobile forms of For clarity it helps to classify that
systems: a livestock production have been vast variety of individual situations
developed to harness resources from into a limited number of distinct
classification
semi-arid or mountainous, seasonally production systems.
shifting or temporarily available
Animal agriculture systems pastures. Although many of these FAO has proposed a classification
correspond to agro-ecological systems result from a long historical of 11 categories of livestock
opportunities and demand for evolution, they are currently under production systems (LPSs) based on
livestock commodities. pressure to adjust rapidly evolving different types of farming systems,
socio-economic conditions. relationship to land and agro-
In many of these systems, the ecological zones. Two main groups
livestock element is interwoven with Over recent decades, large intensive pf LPSs have been identified:
crop production. Animal manure is livestock production units, in
often essential in maintaining soil particular for pig and poultry - Solely Livestock Systems (L):
fertility, and the role of animals in production have emerged in many those solely based on animal
nutrient cycling is often an important developing regions in response production, where more than 90%
motivation for keeping animals. to rapidly growing demand for of dry matter fed to animals come
livestock products. from rangelands, pastures; annual
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The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
forages and purchased feeds, and - Landless monogastric systems production comes from non-
less than 10% of the total value (LLM): A subset of LL in which the livestock farming activities.
of production comes from non- value of production of the pig/
livestock farming activities; and poultry enterprise is higher than Rainfed Mixed Farming Systems
that of the ruminant enterprises. (MR): A subset of the mixed systems
- Mixed Farming Systems (M): in which more than 90% of the value
those where cropping and - Landless ruminant systems (LLR): of non-livestock farm production
livestock rearing are associated A subset of LL in which the value comes from rainfed land use,
in mixed farming systems, where of production of the ruminant including the following classes:
more than 10% of the dry matter enterprises is higher than that of
fed to animals comes from crop the pig/poultry enterprise. - Temperate and tropical highland
by-products or stubble, or more (MRT)
than 10% of the total value of Grassland Based Systems (LG): A
production comes from non- subset of solely livestock systems - Humid/sub-humid tropics and
livestock farming activities. in which more than 10% of the sub-tropics (MRH)
dry matter fed to animals is farm
Below the distinction between produced and in which annual - Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub-
livestock-only and mixed farming, average stocking rates is less than ten tropics (MRA)
four broad groupings have been LU per hectare of agricultural land:
distinguished. Irrigated Mixed Farming Systems
- Temperate and tropical highland (MI): A subset of the mixed systems
Solely Livestock Systems (L) have (LGT) in which more than 10% of the value
been classified in: of non-livestock farm production
- Humid/sub-humid tropics and comes from irrigated land use,
Landless Livestock Production sub-tropics (LGH) including:
Systems (LL): A subset of the solely
livestock systems in which less than - Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub- - Temperate and tropical highland
10% of the dry matter fed to animals tropics (LGA) (MIT)
is farm produced and in which annual
average stocking rates are above ten Mixed Farming Systems (M): - Humid/sub-humid tropics and
livestock units (LU) per hectare of Livestock systems in which more sub-tropics (MIH)
agricultural land. than 10% of the dry matter fed
to animals comes from crop - Arid/semi-arid tropics and sub-
The following additional by-products, stubble or more tropics (MIA);10
differentiation is made: than 10% of the total value of
8
The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
Classification of world livestock production systems11
9
The role of livestock for ACP countries:
Challenges and opportunities ahead
On this basis, ILRI has shown the production systems on a global map:
Global livestock production systems12
The case of pastoral pastoralist population in Africa is pastoral livestock comprising an
estimated at 268 million (over a estimated 18 million cattle, 18 million
production systems
quarter of the total population), goats and 22 million sheep. In West
living in an area representing Africa, the number and proportion
By combining data from various approximately 43 percent of the of animals in pastoral/agro-pastoral
sources, it is estimated that there continent’s total land mass. production systems is lower than
are about 120 million pastoralists/ in East Africa. In West Africa the
agro-pastoralists worldwide, of The number of livestock in the largest numbers of livestock kept in
which 50 million reside in sub- pastoral/agro-pastoral production pastoral/agro-pastoral production
Saharan Africa (SSA). Within systems in sub-Saharan Africa was systems are found in Niger (1 million
sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan and estimated by overlaying the livestock cattle, 6 million goats, 4 million
Somalia have the largest pastoral/ production systems maps with sheep) and in Mauritania (1 million
agro-pastoral populations of seven livestock density maps. The largest cattle, 4 million sheep and 6 million
million each, followed by Ethiopia number of pastoral/agro-pastoral goats). Estimating meat production
with four million. Pastoralism livestock is found in East Africa. from pastoral/agro-pastoral livestock
contributes 10 to 44 percent of Within East Africa, Sudan has the and relating it to total national meat
the GDP of African countries. The largest numbers of pastoral/agro- production reported in FAOSTAT
10