The Role of Grain Boundaries and Surfaces in Ceramics: Proceedings of the Conference held November 16–18, 1964 at North Carolina State University at Raleigh PDF
Preview The Role of Grain Boundaries and Surfaces in Ceramics: Proceedings of the Conference held November 16–18, 1964 at North Carolina State University at Raleigh
MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH Volume 3 The Role of Grain Boundaries and Surfaces in Ceramics University Conferences on Ceramic Science This conference, held at North Carolina StatF University at Raleigh, was conducted by the School of Engineering and the Division of Continuing Education of North Carolina State University in cooperation with the U.S. Army Research Office (Durham) and the U.S. Office of Naval Research MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARCH Volume 3 The Role of Grain Boundaries and Surfaces in Ceramics Proceedings of the Conference held November 16-18, 1964 at North Carolina State University at Raleigh Edited by W. Wurth Kriegel Department of Mineral Industries, North Carolina State University and Hayne Palmour III Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State University SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1966 ISBN 978-1-4899-6162-4 ISBN 978-1-4899-6311-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-6311-6 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-17645 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1966 Originally published by Plenum Press New York in 1966 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1966 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher Foreword This book is broadly concerned with physical ceramics, an increasingly well-defined research and academic discipline. In our concept, physical ceramics includes all of the interrelationships existing between constitution, microstructure, and responses ofthe material to stresses and energetic environments. Grainboundaries and surfaces attract much study in physical ceramics, for it is at these discontinuities that atomistic processes tend to be localized and stress concentrations and environmental interactions tend to be most severe. The useful macroscopic properties ofpolycrystalline materials are often established at these interfaces. Increasing recognition of the importance in ceramics of events occurring at free and bound surfaces, together with significant research advance ments in their systematic study, provided the background and the unifying theme for the November 16-18, 1964, Conference and for these proceedings. The Conference was held on the campus ofNorth Carolina State University at Raleigh under the auspices of its School of Engineer ing and its Division of Continuing Education and was sponsored jointly by the University, the U.S. Army Research Office - Durham, and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The Conference was attended by more than 150 scientists and engineers. It was international in scope, featuring eight foreign scientists as speakers or session chairmen and including several other participants from the United Kingdom and Australia. It also was the first in a new series of University Conferences on Ceramic Science, arranged by North Carolina State University, the University of Notre Dame, the University of California at Berkeley, and the College of Ceramics of the State University of New York at Alfred University. The substantive content of the papers presented fell logically into the following five parts: (I) Interfaces - Sites for Kinetic Proc esses; (II) Electromagnetic Wave Behavior Near Interfaces; (III) Grain Boundary Contributions to Deformation; (IV) Grain Boundary Contributions to Strength and Thermomechanical Behavior; and (V) Surface and Environmental Contributions to Mechanical Behavior. v Vi FOREWORD This organization of topics has been preserved in preparing the proceedings for publication. There are 31 chapters, four of which are concerned principally with kinetics associated with interfaces (Part I) and seven of which treat the interactions of a broad spec trum of electromagnetic waves at and near boundaries (Part II). Extensive interest in the mechanical behavior of ceramic solids accounted for the majority of papers. Six are concerned princi pally with the influence of boundaries upon deformation and plasticity (Part III); seven papers emphasize the effects of grain boundaries upon strength, fracture initiation, and other structural considerations (Part IV), and the last six (Part V) consider struc tural flaws occurring at free surfaces in terms of their contribu tions to chemical stability, fracture processes, adherence, and mechanical strength. The keynote speaker (Chapter 1) identified several themes which pervaded much of the Conference: We were admonished to remember that ceramics are inherently complex, involving binary systems even in the simplest cases, that reactions with atmospheric environments may determine which chemical equilibria really pre vail and which transport mechanisms actually operate, and that it is principally at surfaces and interfaces where these decisive chemical events are initiated. We were encouraged, above all, to capitalize upon the novel aspects in ceramics which find little or no parallel in metallic systems. Progress toward adequate understanding and effective utiliza tion of modem ceramic materials is being effected by the skills and talents of many scientists and engineers. Interdisciplinary interplay between basic research and engineering synthesis in the creation of new ceramic processes and products has been particu larly significant within the last half-decade. Much of the driving force in the rapidly advancing field of physical ceramics stems from the excitement of discovery and the exhilaration of solving difficult problems in basic research; however, the ultimate "payoff" inevitably involves the development of reliable, effective, and economical ceramic components and devices. Advancement in this challenging field can be likened to the experience of the mountain climber who, upon reaching each "false" crest, sees a yet higher ridge rising above the intervening valley. Certainly for ceramics, a real resting point is not yet in sight. Four and one half years earlier, this University organized a ceramic conference with a similar research-oriented theme ("Mechanical FOREWORD vii Properties of Engineering Ceramics," Interscience Publishers, New York-London, 1961). It seems clear to us, after editing the proceedings of both conferences, that several major ridges have been successfully scaled in the intervening years. Even for those of us who seem to spend most of our time laboring to get out of the valleys, the present level of attainment and understanding is, in fact, much higher than it was in 1960. We sense a steep upward gradient and significant forward progress, which, hopefully, this volume can assist in documenting. We wish to express our gratitude to the authors and conference participants; their knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm for communication of their scientific interests made both the confer ence and this volume possible. We and the others who heard him also are indebted to the dinner speaker, Dr. Ralph G. H. Siu, of the Army Research Council, for the opportunity to learn about the relationship between research, economics, and politics and "Chinese Baseball," a game in which the bases remain fixed only as long as the ball is not in motion! The cooperative efforts of the conference staff were essential ingredients in the success of the conference, and these are grate fully acknowledged. We especially wish to thank the representatives of the sponsoring agencies-Dr. H. M. Davis and Col. Nils M. Bengtson of AROD, Dr. Cyrus Klingsberg and Dr. I. Salkovitz of ONR, and Dean R. E. Factum and Dr. R. G. Carson of NCSU-for their interest, encouragement, and assistance. In the preparation of this volume, we have relied heavily upon the secretarial assistance of Mrs. Marion S. Rand, help in indexing by Mrs. J. M. Waller, and the sound advice of Miss Evelyn Grossberg and her associates at Plenum Press. W. W. Kriegel Hayne Palmour III Raleigh, North Carolina February 1966 Conference Staff Conference Co-Chairmen W. Wurth Kriegel, Professor-in-Charge, Ceramic Engineering Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C. S. U. Hayne Palm our III, Research Professor of Ceramic Engineering Dept. of Engineering Research, N. C. S. U. Session Chairmen H. M. Davis, Director, Metallurgy -Ceramic Division U. S. Army Research Office - Durham G.C. Kuczynski, Professor of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science University of Notre Dame S. Amelinckx, Visiting Foreign Scientist Carnegie Institute of Technology (Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie, S.C. K., Mol, Belgium) R. J. Stokes, Staff Scientist Honeywell Research Center J. A. Pask, Professor of Ceramic Engineering University of California at Berkeley N. M. Parikh, Scientific Advisor Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute Advisors on Program and Publication W. W. Austin, Professor of Metallurgy and Dept. Head Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C. S. U. C. B. Alcock, N. S. F. Visiting Foreign Scientist Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C.S.U. (Professor of Chemical Metallurgy, University of London) ix X CONFERENCE STAFF L. Slifkin, Professor of Physics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill H. H. Stadelmaier, Research Professor of Metallurgy Dept. of Engineering Research, N.C. S. U. Arrangements David B. Stansel, Assistant Director Division of Continuing Education, N.C. S. U. N. W. Conner, Director of Engineering Research N.C.S.U. Hospitality and Tours W. C. Hackler, Professor of Ceramic Engineering Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C. S. U. John V. Hamme, Associate Professor of Ceramic Engineering Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C. S. U. R. F. Stoops, Research Professor of Ceramic Engineering Dept. of Engineering Research, N.C. S. U. Transportation M. Paul Davis, Research Associate Dept. of Engineering Research, N.C.S.U. J. M. Waller, Instructor Dept. of Mineral Industries, N.C. S. U. Publicity Motte V. Griffith, Jr., Public Information Officer Division of Continuing Education, N.C. S. U. Mary N. Yionoulis, Publications and Information School of Engineering, N.C. S. U.
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