THE ROLE OF FORESTRY EXTENSION IN RAISING STANDARD OF LIVING AND ALLEVIATE ...

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THE ROLE OF FORESTRY EXTENSION IN RAISING STANDARD OF
LIVING AND ALLEVIATE POVERTY.. CASE OF ELOUDAYA
ADMINSTRATIVE UNIT, SUDAN
by

Adam Ibrahim Mohammed Abd alla
B.Sc, (Faculty of Natural resources and environmental Studies, University of Juba)
July 2011

A thesis Submitted to University of Khartoum for the degree of Master of
Science (Forestry)
Supervisor
Dr.Elamin Sanjak Mohammed Ali
Faculty of Foresrty (University of Khartoum)

Department of forests Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of
Khartoum
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my parents
TO
MY
Beloved family, whose support, encouragement and patience have contributed greatly to
my efforts in writing this research document.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Allah for successfulness to accomplish this research, and let me offer my gratitude to my
first supervisor, Dr. El amin Sanjak, Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum. This thesis would not
have been possible without the help and support of him. Besides the scientific supervision, he was like a
father-figure during the study period. Most sincere thanks to him.
Also, my grateful extends to the administration of FNC at national level and Elodaya administration that
have approved my application for data collection and supported me with the available information. In
addition to that my appreciations extend to all officials and people who supply me with documents and
information during my research, I want to thank, El gedarif FNC administration and my colleges in El odaya
administration of pasture and range, department of metrology.
Many thanks, to all the staff of faculty of forestry, University of Khartoum, with special deep thanks to my
teachers, colleagues and friends who encouraged, and assisted me during the different stages of this
work.
Deep thank to the rural people at the study area the villagers of El odaya, the nomads and all those who
have been patiently listening to and answering my quires, for their time and information, and I hope a
better life for the poor people any where, I am more than indebted.

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ABSTRACT
THE ROLE OF FORESTRY EXTENSION IN RAISING STANDARD OF LIVING
AND ALLEVIATE POVERTY, CASE OF ELOUDAYA
ADMINSTRATIVE UNIT, SUDAN
The broad objective of this research was to conserve, protect and rehabilitate the
vegetation cover in the study area through forestry extension. Two types of data were
collected for this research, namely; primary and secondary data. The primary data was
collected from 10% of the villages of Elodaya Administrative Unit, North Kordofan and
10% of the households of the selected villages were interviewed face-to-face. The
secondary data was collected from the archives of Forests National Corporation (FNC),
Elodaya project and relevant studies conducted at the study area.
The main findings of the research were; the dominant land tenure system in the study
area is customary land tenure where the majority of the land holders possess big farms of
more than 52 mukhamus (one mukhamus is equivalent to 1.75 feddan). Through
scientific and sound forestry extension these areas can be rehabilitated to enrich Hashab
tree plantations which contribute to sustainable livelihood of local communities in the
study area. Almost the entire interviewed sample rear goats which represent a real
menace to hashab gardens and it is one of the factors responsible for the low stocking
density of the tree cover in the study area. About 50% of the respondents do not tap their
hashab trees for gum production due to the price policies, pest infestations and
complexity of land tenure system where in some cases the land is own by a person and
the trees grown on the same land owned by another person. The majority of the
respondents accentuated that Hashab trees enhanced the resilience of local communities
in the study area through provision of cash to meet the daily expenses and social services
of water, education and health. Beside Hashab trees, local people deliberately retain
some fruit forest trees like Adansonia digitata, Tamarindas indica, Grewea molis and
Grewea tenax which provide the local people with non-timber forest products (NTFPs).
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Considerable efforts were exerted by the traditional leaders to conserve, protect and
rehabilitation of Hashab trees in the study area. The FNC contribute to rehabilitation of
Hashab trees through provision of extension, provision of improve seeds and seedlings
and facilitation of gum marketing through the establishment of Gum Producers
Association. Unfortunately, the number of extension unit is understaffed, accordingly
there is no systematic field visits and the extension messages focus only on awareness
raising and dissemination of information.
The study arrived to some sound conclusions some of them are; the extension method
deployed by extension unit is; home and field visit, public meetings and demonstrations.
The major outcome of the extension services is organization of local communities into
associations to tackle the issues of marketing and to have control on the prices of gum
Arabic. Lack or limitation of animation and extension activities on gender issues
contributed to isolation of the majority of women from participating in hashab garden
activities. Moreover, the cultural and social habits with regard to women in the study
area are a major handicap to gender balanced community participations.

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ΔλϼΨϟ΍
ϊϓέϲϓϰΑΎϐϟ΍ΩΎηέϹ΍έϭΩ
ήϘϔϟ΍Γ΄σϭϒϴϔΨΗϭΔθϴόϤϟ΍ϯϮΘδϣ
ΕΪϤΘϋ΍ϰΑΎϐϟ΍ΩΎηέϻ΍ϝϼΧϦϣΔγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϣϲϓϲΗΎΒϨϟ΍˯Ύτϐϟ΍Ϟϴϫ΄ΗΓΩΎϋ·ϭΔϳΎϤΣϭυΎϔΘΣϼϟϊγ΍ϭΚΤΒϟ΍΍άϫϦϣϑΪϬϟ΍ϥΎϛ
ΔϨϴόϟ΍ϖϳήσϦϋΖόϤΟΔϴϟϭϻ΍ΕΎϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ΔϳϮϧΎΛΕΎϣϮϠόϣϭΔϴϟϭ΍ΕΎϣϮϠόϣΕΎϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ϦϣϦϴϋϮϧϰϠϋΔγ΍έΪϟ΍
ϯήϘϟ΍ήγ΍ϦϣΕήϴΘΧ΍ϭϥΎϓΩήϛϝΎϤηΔϳϻϭΔϴοϻ΍Δϳέ΍Ω΍ΓΪΣϮΑϯήϘϟ΍ϦϣΔΒδϨΑΔϴ΋΍Ϯθόϟ΍ΔϴϘΒτϟ΍
ˬ(FNC)ΕΎΑΎϐϠϟΔϴϣϮϘϟ΍ΔΌϴϬϟ΍ϒϴηέ΍ϦϣΖόϤΟΔϳϮϧΎΜϟ΍ΕΎϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ϪΟϮϟΎϬΟϭϢϬΘϠΑΎϘϣΖϤΗϰΘϟ΍ϭϩέΎΘΨϤϟ΍
Δγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϤΑΔϠμϟ΍Ε΍Ϋϖ΋ΎΛϭϭΕΎϣϮϠόϣϭΔϴοϻ΍ωϭήθϣ
ϰϠϐΘδϣϥ΍ΚϴΣΔγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϤΑϦϴϬϤϟ΍ϭΪ΋Ύδϟ΍ϮϫϱΪϴϠϘΘϟ΍ΔϴϜϠϤϟ΍ϡΎψϧήΒΘόϳϰϫΚΤΒϟ΍ϦϣΔϴδϴ΋ήϟ΍Ξ΋ΎΘϨϟ΍
ΩΎηέϻ΍έϮτΗϝϼΧϦϣϥ΍ΪϓϯϭΎδϳΪΣ΍Ϯϟ΍βϤΨϤϟ΍βϤΨϣϝ΍ϰϟ΍ϞμΗωέ΍ΰϣϥϮϜϠΘϤϳνέϻ΍
ΓΎϴΤϟ΍Δϳέ΍ήϤΘγ΍ϰϓϢϬδΗϰΘϟ΍ΏΎθϬϟ΍ΓήΠηϦϴσϮΗΓΩΎϋ΍ϭϰΗΎΒϨϟ΍ωΎτϘϟ΍ΓΩΎϋ΍ϦϜϤϳϖσΎϨϤϟ΍ϩάϫϰϓϰΑΎϐϟ΍
ϦϣϭΏΎθϬϟ΍Ϧ΋ΎϨΟϭΪϋήΒΘόϳϯάϟ΍ΰϋΎϤϟ΍ϥϮΑήϳϦϴΑϮΠΘδϤϟ΍ϢψόϣΔγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϤΑΔϴϠΤϤϟ΍ΕΎόϤΘΠϤϠϟΔϤϳήϜϟ΍
έΎΠη΍ϥϮϘτϳϻϦϴΑϮΠΘδϤϟ΍Ϧϣϰϟ΍ϮΣΔγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϤΑΏΎθϬϟ΍ΓήΠηΕΎΒϧ΍έϮϫΪΗϰϓΔϴδϴ΋ήϟ΍Ϟϣ΍Ϯόϟ΍
νέϻ΍ϥϮϜΗϝ΍ϮΣϻ΍ξόΑϰϓϰΘϟ΍ϭνέϻ΍ΔϴϜϠϣΔΒϴϛήΗϭΕΎϓϻ΍ˬέΎόγϻ΍ΕΎγΎϴδϟΔΒδϧώϤμϟ΍ΝΎΘϧϻΏΎθϬϟ΍
ϰϓϢϬδΗΏΎθϬϟ΍έΎΠη΍ϥ΍ϰϠϋ΍ϭΪϛ΍ϦϴΑϮΠΘδϤϟ΍ΔϴΒϟΎϏήΧ΍κΨθϟΔϛϮϠϤϣΏΎθϬϟ΍έΎΠη΍ϭκΨθϟΔϛϮϠϤϣ
ΕΎϣΪΧήϴϓϮΗϭˬΔϴϣϮϴϟ΍ΔηΎϋϻ΍ϒϳέΎμϣΔϠΑΎϘϤϟϯΪϘϨϟ΍ϢϋΪϟ΍ϝϼΧΔγ΍έΪϟ΍ΔϘτϨϤΑΔϴϠΤϤϟ΍ΕΎόϤΘΠϤϟ΍ΔϴϫΎϓέ
ϢϴπϘϟ΍ˬΐϳΩήόϟ΍ˬϯΪϠΒΘϟ΍ϞΜϣέΎΠηϻ΍ξόΑϰϠϋϥϮϋέ΍ΰϤϟ΍ϰϘΒϳΏΎθϬϟ΍έΎΠη΍ΐϧΎΠΑΔΤμϟ΍ϭϢϴϠόΘϟ΍ϭϩΎϴϤϟ΍
ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ήϴϏΕΎΠΘϨϤϟΎΑϰϠΤϤϟ΍ϥΎδϧϻ΍ΪϤΗϰΘϟ΍ϭϥΎμϘϴϠϘϟ΍ϭ
ΔϘτϨϤΑΏΎθϬϟ΍έΎΠη΍ϦϴσϮΗΓΩΎϋ΍ϭϪϳΎϤΤϟ΍ϭΔψϓΎΤϤϟ΍ϰϓϪϴϠϫϻ΍ϩέ΍Ωϻ΍ϞΒϗϦϣΖγέϮϣΓέΎΒΟΩϮϬΟϚϟΎϨϫ
ˬϝϮΘθϟ΍ϭΔϨδΤϤϟ΍έϭάΒϟ΍ήϴϓϮΗϝϼΧϦϣΏΎθϬϟ΍έΎΠη΍ήϴϤόΗΓΩΎϋ΍ϰϓΖϤϫΎγΕΎΑΎϐϠϟΔϴϣϮϘϟ΍ΔΌϴϬϟ΍Δγ΍έΪϟ΍
ΩΎηέϻ΍Ε΍ΪΣϭΩΪϋϥ΍φΤϟ΍˯ϮδϟϰΑήόϟ΍ώϤμϟ΍ΕΎϴόϤΟςΑ΍ϭέϝϼΧϦϣϰΑήόϟ΍ώϤμϟ΍ϖϳϮδΗϭΓέΎΠΗϞϴϬδϧ
ΔϓήόϤϟ΍ϯϮΘδϣϊϓέϰϠϋςϘϓΩΎηέϻ΍ΰϛήϳϭϪϤψΘϨϣϪΑΩΎηέ΍Ε΍έΎϳίϚϟΎϨϫΖδϴϟϚϟάϟέΩ΍ϮϜϟ΍κϘϧϦϣϮϜθΗ
ΔΤϴΤμϟ΍ΔϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ϚϴϠϤΗϭ
ΕΎϋΎϤΘΟϻ΍ϭΔϴϠϘΤϟ΍Ε΍έΎϳΰϟ΍ϰϫΩΎηέϻ΍ΓΪΣϭΔτγ΍ϮΑϪόΒΘϤϟ΍ΔϳΩΎηέϻ΍ΔϘϳήτϟ΍ϰϫΕΎΟΎΘϨΘγϻ΍Ϣϫ΍
ΕΎϴόϤΟϭςΑ΍ϭέϞϜηϰϓΔϴϠΤϤϟ΍ΕΎόϤΘΠϤϟ΍ϢϴψϨΗϰϓΖϨϤϛΔϳΩΎηέϻ΍ΕΎϣΪΨϟ΍ΓΪ΋ΎϓΔϳήϳϮϨΘϟ΍ϭΔϳήϴϫΎϤΠϟ΍
ΔϴΒϟΎϏϝΰϋϰϓΖϤϫΎγωϮϨϠϟΔΒδϨϟΎΑΩΎηέϻ΍Δτθϧ΍ϰΑήόϟ΍ώϤμϟ΍ήόγϰϓϢϜΤΘϟ΍ϭϖϳϮδΘϠϟΕ΍ϭΩ΍ϦϳϮϜΘϟ
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ΔϘτϨϣϲϓΓ΃ήϤϟΎΑϖϠόΘϳΎϤϴϓΔϴϋΎϤΘΟϻ΍ϭΔϴϓΎϘΜϟ΍Ε΍ΩΎόϟ΍ϭˬϚϟΫϰϠϋΓϭϼϋϭΏΎθϬϟ΍Ϧ΋ΎϨΟΔτθϧ΍ϰϓΔϛέΎθϤϟ΍Ϧϣ˯ΎδϨϟ΍
ΔϛέΎθϤϟ΍κΘΨϳΎϤϴϓ ϦϴδϨΠϟ΍ϦϴΑϥί΍ϮΘϤϟ΍ϊϤΘΠϤϟ΍ϡΎϣ΃Δϴδϴ΋έΔΒϘϋϲϫΔγ΍έΪϟ΍

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LISTOF CONTENTS

Page
DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………….. I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………….. II
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ………………………………………………………… III
ABSTRACT (ARABIC) …………………………………………………………... V
CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………..  VII
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….. XI
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………. XII

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Scope of the study……………………………………………………………. 3
1.3 Statements of the problem…………………………………………………… 4
1.4 Objective of the research……………………………………………………. 5
1.5 Research question……………………………………………………………. 5
CHAPTER II
STUDY AREA
2.1 Location…………………………………………………………………… 7
2.2 Administrative structure……………………………………………………. 7
2.3 Population……………………………………………………………………. 9
2.4 Economic activities………………………………………………………….. 10
2.5 Land tenure…………………………………………………………………. 11
2.6 Geology and topography…………………………………………………… 12
2.7 Climate……………………………………………………………………… 13
2.8 Vegetation cover…………………………………………………………… 13
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CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Extension…………………………………………………………………… 15
3.2 Agriculture extension……………………………………………………… 16
3.3 Agricultural extension in Sudan………………………………………….. 20
3.4 The Agricultural extension strategies in Sudan…………………………. 21
3.5 Forestry extension………………………………………………………… 22
3.6 The importance of forestry extension…………………………………….. 25
3.7 Objectives of forestry extension…………………………………………… 26
3.8 The main function of forestry extension…………………………………. 27
3.9 Forestry extension models………………………………………………… 28
3.10 Forestry extension approach…………………………………………….. 29
3.10.1 The top-down extension approach………………………………………. 29
3.10.2 The bottom-up extension approach……………………………………… 30
3.10.3 The best bet approach…………………………………………………….. 31
3.11 Extension methods………………………………………………………… 31
3.11.1 Individual extension method……………………………………………... 32
3.11.2 Group extension methods………………………………………………… 32
3.11.3 Mass extension methods…………………………………………………… 33
3.12 Principles of forestry extension…………………………………………… 34
3.13 Forestry extension in Sudan………………………………………………. 35
3.14 Gum Arabic………………………………………………………………… 36
3.15 Ecological and socio-economic relevance of Acacia Senegal…………… 37
3.16 Desertification in the North Kordofan…………………………………… 38
3.17 Impacts of desertification on hashab stands and gum production…….. 40
3.18 Poverty……………………………………………………………………... 41
3.20 Poverty in Sudan………………………………………………………….. 43
3.21 Symptoms and causes of poverty………………………………………… 46
3.22 Rural poverty in the Sudan………………………………………………. 46
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CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 48
4.2 Selection of villages and respondents……………………………………. 48
4.3 Construction of the questionnaire…………………………………… 49
4.4 Pre-testing…………………………………………………………………… 50
4.5 Permission for data collection……………………………………………… 50
4.6 Other sources of primary data……………………………………………… 50
4.7 Statistical analysis…………………………………………………………… 51

CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 General characteristics of the respondents………………………………… 52
5.1.1 Gender and educational level……………………………………………… 52
5.1.2 Age group and source of Income of the respondents……………………. 53
5.3 The areas of agricultural lands and land ownership…………………….. 55
5.4 Livestock rearing and pasturing…………………………………………… 56
5.5 Stocking density of tree cover in the study area…………………………... 58
5.6 Types of regeneration in the study area…………………………………….. 60
5.7. The productivity of farm crop ………………………………………………. 61
5.8 Plant cover deterioration……………………………………………………... 64
5.9 Tapping of hashab trees………………………………………………………. 67
5.10 Acacia senegal trees………………………………………………………….. 68
5. 11 Contribution of gum Arabic (Acacia gum) to the communities…………. 70
5.12 Forest fruit trees productivity and availability…………………………… 72
5.13 The places, economic and marketing of forest fruit trees………………… 74
5.14 The disputes around natural resources and dealing with it………………. 75
5.15. The seasonal conflicts, fences role and fences achievements……………… 78
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