Table Of Content

THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY Oneofthemainchallengesofourgenerationisthecreationofanefficientsystemthatprovides sustainable food, feed, fiber, and fuel from the land while also preserving biodiversity and ecosystems.Thefirstandmostimmediatechallengewillbetofeedahumanpopulationthat isexpectedtogrowtomorethanninebillionbymid-century.Thesupplyoffoodmustgrow at least as fast as the population, but the amount of land and water available for agriculture islimited;thustheneedformorefoodmustbemetthroughhighercropyields.Agricultural biotechnologyisonetoolthatholdspromisetoalleviatehungerandpoverty.However,there are complex and interrelated scientific, social, political, and ethical questions regarding the widespreaduseofbiotechnologyinthefoodsupply. Thiseditedvolume–whichincludescontributionsfromleadingscholarsinmanyfields– discussesthenumerousfactorsintheuseofagriculturalandfoodbiotechnologyaswework toward more sustainable food production systems. It includes diverse perspectives on the challenges,opportunities,successstories,barriers,andrisksassociatedwithbiotechnology.It summarizesadditionalstudiesontheeffectsofbiotechnologyontheenvironment.Thebook alsodiscussesrelevantethicalandmoralissues,potentialchangestogovernmentpoliciesand economics,andothersocialimplicationsofagriculturalbiotechnology. Thiscomprehensiveandinterdisciplinarybookwillbeofgreatinteresttostudents,profes- sionals, and researchers in various fields – from bioengineering, agriculture, and ecosystem science,toeconomicsandpoliticalscience. jennies.poppisaProfessorofAgriculturalEconomicsandAgribusinessandAreaDirector of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability at the University of Arkansas. Her researchareasincludetheeconomicsofwaterandsoilquality,riskmanagementforagricultural producers,andassessmentofbestmanagementpracticesforagriculture. molly m. jahn is a Professor in the Laboratory of Genetics and Department of Agronomy attheUniversityofMadison–Wisconsin.Shehashadadistinguishedresearchcareerinplant genetics and genomics and plant breeding of vegetable crops, focusing on the molecular geneticsofdiseaseresistanceandqualitytraits. marty d. matlock is a Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Area DirectoroftheCenterforAgriculturalandRuralSustainabilityattheUniversityofArkansas. He is a Certified Senior Ecologist with the Ecological Society of America and a Registered Professional Engineer. His research area is in the design and management of ecosystem services,withafocusonwaterresources. nathanp.kemperistheTradeAdjustmentAssistanceProgramCoordinatorfortheSouthern RiskManagementEducationCenter.HecoordinatestheeffortsofateammadeupofCooper- ativeExtensionServiceandSeaGrantfacultyandstaffandindustryrepresentativesinthirteen southern region states to develop curricula and deliver training to farmers and fishermen to helpthemadjusttheirbusinesspracticesinresponsetoincreasedimportcompetition. Thisbookisdedicatedtoourfamiliesandtothemen,women,and childrenwhotoileverydayinthesunandraintoproducethefood, feed,fiber,andfuelthatdriveourprosperity. THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY Edited by JENNIE S. POPP UniversityofArkansas MOLLY M. JAHN UniversityofWisconsin–Madison MARTY D. MATLOCK UniversityofArkansas NATHAN P. KEMPER UniversityofArkansas cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SaõPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521192347 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Theroleofbiotechnologyinasustainablefoodsupply/[editedby]JenniePopp...[etal.]. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-19234-7(hardback) 1.Food–Biotechnology. 2.Food–Supply. I.Popp,Jennie,1966– TP248.65.F66R64 2012 664–dc23 2011037256 ISBN978-0-521-19234-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationand doesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Preface pagexi Editors xiii ContributingAuthors xiv Abbreviations xix 1 WorldPopulationGrowthandFoodSupply 1 WilliamH.MeyersandNicholasKalaitzandonakes PopulationGrowthDynamicsandProjectionsto2050 3 PotentialIncomeandDemandGrowth 5 SupplyProjectionsforCerealsfromDifferentSources 7 PricesMatterToo 12 ConclusionsandImplications 13 2 SocialChallenges:PublicOpinionandAgriculturalBiotechnology 17 DominiqueBrossard UsingGeneticallyEngineeredCropsinFoodProduction:ProandCon Arguments 18 Macro-LevelChallenges:TheSociopoliticalContext 19 PublicOpinionaboutGECropsWorldwide 22 EuropeanAttitudes 24 AfricanAttitudes 24 AsianAttitudes 25 UnderstandingPublicOpinionDynamics 26 Conclusion 28 3 LovingBiotechnology:EthicalConsiderations 32 TheRev.LowellE.Grisham TheChristianEthicCelebratesDiscovery 33 ResponsibilitytowardOurNeighbor 34 ResponsibilityforCreation 35 OtherFaithTraditions’AttitudestowardEarth 37 v vi Contents Stewardship,Trust,andResponsibility 37 GivingVoicetoStakeholders 38 OpennessandTrustasProcess 41 TheEthicofDevelopment 43 Model:ThreeCupsofTea 45 4 BiotechnologyinCropProduction 49 EricS.Sachs TheDemandforMoreFood,Feed,Fuel,andFiber 50 PopulationGrowth,FoodPrices,Hunger,andEnvironmental Degradation 52 TheRoleofTechnologyandInnovation 54 SustainableDevelopmentinAgriculture 54 ThePrincipalTools 55 AdvancedAgronomicPractices 56 ModernBreedingandGermplasmImprovement 57 GeneticEngineering 58 BiotechnologyAdoptionandTraitStacking:TheGlobalAdoptionand ExpansionofGMCrops 63 ImpactsofGMCrops 64 YieldandProductivity 64 Environment 65 Economy 67 ChallengestoGMCrops 69 PotentialforHealthandEnvironmentalRisks 69 RiskAssessment,Regulation,andPolicy 69 MisleadingInformationandFear 70 ThePathForward 71 5 BiotechnologyandtheControlofViralDiseasesofCrops 77 JasonR.Cavatorta,StewartM.Gray,andMollyM.Jahn HostPlantResistance 78 HostPlantResistanceasaSustainableAlternative 78 HostPlantResistancethroughConventionalBreeding 79 HostPlantResistancethroughGeneticEngineering 79 GenomicsofVirusResistance 80 DominantlyInheritedVirusResistance 80 RecessivelyInheritedVirusResistance 81 EukaryoticTranslationInitiationFactor4E 82 DetailedUnderstandingofaRecessiveVirusResistance Gene 82 TransgenesisofeIF4EControlsVirusInfection 82 IntragenicVirusResistanceinPotato 84 ConsumerAcceptanceIssues 84 Conclusion 85 Contents vii 6 AnimalBiotechnologiesandAgriculturalSustainability 90 AlisonVanEenennaamandWilliamMuir WhatIsAnimalBiotechnology? 93 GeneticEngineering 95 PotentialBenefits 95 Concerns 99 Cloning 102 PotentialBenefits 103 Concerns 104 GenomicSelection 105 PotentialBenefits 106 Concerns 107 FunctionalGenomics 107 PotentialBenefits 108 Concerns 110 OtherBiotechnologies 110 RNAi 110 ModificationofRumenMicroorganisms 111 RecombinantBovineSomatotropin 111 Conclusion 112 7 GeneticallyEngineeredCropsCanBePartofaSustainableFoodSupply: FoodandFoodSafetyIssues 122 PeggyG.Lemaux WillIntroducingFishGenesintoStrawberriesResultinHealthRisks? 122 CanGEFoodsHaveNutritionalDifferencesThatCauseHealth Risks? 123 DoesaLackofGEFoodLabelingRaiseRisksforHumanConsumption? 124 DidPeopleDieafterConsumingtheNutritionalSupplementTryptophan? 124 WerePotatoesEngineeredtoProduceaLectinUnsafetoEat? 125 HaveAnyFoodSafetyStudiesBeenDoneonGEFoods? 125 DoestheTransgeneDNAinFoodsCauseSafetyProblems? 126 CanEatingBtProteinCauseFoodSafetyIssuesforConsumers? 127 AreAllergensBeingIntroducedintoGEFoods? 129 WereFoodswithBtCornRemovedfromtheMarketduetoSafety Concerns? 129 CanGECropsEngineeredtoMakePharmaceuticalsContaminateFoods? 130 AreGEFoods100PercentSafe? 131 AreOrganicFoodsSaferandHealthierthanThoseGrown Conventionally? 132 WhatComplexitiesDoFutureGETraitIntroductionsPresent? 133 Conclusion 134 Acknowledgments 134 viii Contents 8 EcologicalConsiderationsinBiotechnology:EcologicalConcernsand EnvironmentalRisksofTransgenicCrops 141 MarkK.SearsandJeffreyD.Wolt GeneticallyEngineeredProductsNowandintheFuture 141 Glyphosate-andGluphosinate-TolerantMaize,Soybeans,andCanola 141 BtProtein(Insecticide)ExpressingMaize,Cotton,andPotatoes 142 VirusResistanceinPapayaandSquash 143 FutureCropEnhancementsfromGETechnology:HerbicideTolerance andBtProteininRice 143 FruitandVegetablePestResistance 144 FuturePlantTraitsDerivedfromGETechnology 144 AnimalTraitsDerivedfromGETechnology 145 EcologicalConcernsRelatedtoTransgenicOrganisms 145 UnintendedImpacts 145 ResistanceofTargetPopulations 146 PersistenceandEscape(Weediness)ofTransformedPlant 146 PersistenceintheEnvironmentofProductsfromTransgenes 146 TransferofGeneticMaterialtoRelatedSpeciesinHabitat 147 EnvironmentalRiskAssessment(ERA)Principles 147 TheRiskAssessmentProcess 148 ProblemFormulation 148 EffectsCharacterization 148 ExposureCharacterization 148 RiskCharacterization 148 AnIterative,TieredApproach 149 SpeciesSelection 150 StudyDesign 150 OverallRiskAssessment 150 ACaseStudy:BtMaizePollenandMonarchButterflyRiskAssessment 151 Overview 151 UniversalityofApproach 151 ParadigmShiftforRegulatoryAgencies 152 DiscussionPointsandFurtherNeeds 152 EvaluationofStrong/WeakPointsoftheBtMaize:MonarchCase 152 OutcomesofRiskAssessmentProcessRelativetoRegulationand IntroductionofGeneticallyEngineeredCropPlantsorLivestock 152 ScaleofEconomyforBiotechnologyResearchandDevelopment 153 9 OrganicAgricultureasanAlternativetoaGE-BasedSystem 159 ErinSilva CanOrganicAgricultureFeedtheWorld? 160 OrganicAgricultureasPartofaSustainableAgricultureModel 164 ImpactofOrganicAgricultureonSustainingEcologicalHealth 164 ImpactofOrganicAgricultureonSustainingHumanHealth 167