The Role of Antioxidant Rich Berries in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss

193 Pages·2016·2.04 MB·English

by  Lydia Karimi Kaume

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Graduate Theses and Dissertations
8-2012
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Lydia Karimi Kaume
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
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Kaume, L. K. (2012). The Role of Antioxidant Rich Berries in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone
Loss. Graduate Theses and Dissertations Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/422
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THE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT RICH BERRIES
IN THE PREVENTION OF POSTMENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS
THE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT RICH BERRIES
IN THE PREVENTION OF POSTMENOPAUSAL BONE LOSS

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Food Science

By
Lydia Kaume
Kenyatta University
Bachelor of Education, 1997
University of Arkansas
Master of Science in Human Environmental Sciences, 2008

August 2012
University of Arkansas
ABSTRACT
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most prevalent form of osteoporosis and results in fragility
fractures. Smoking is one of the major risk factors for osteoporosis and is known to aggravate
bone loss in postmenopausal women due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Diet-
based interventions using berries have shown bone protective affects in animal studies partially
due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of their phenolic compounds. The goal of
this research was to determine the effects of antioxidant-rich fruits in the prevention of
postmenopausal bone loss. Our first study examined the dose dependent effects of blackberries in
preventing bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Findings
from the animal study indicated that blackberries consumed at the level of 5% (w/w) and not
10% (w/w) may modestly prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Next, we conducted a clinical
study to determine the effects of berries on bone loss. To explore this objective, postmenopausal
smokers were required to consume 45g of blackberries or blueberries for a 9 month period. Bone
mineral density of total body, and sites were determined at baseline and after 9 months. In
addition, biomarkers of bone metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured. This
study found that blackberries and not blueberries modestly protected against smoking-induced
bone loss of the total body bone mineral density. No significant changes were noted on
biomarkers and other bone indices. The results of this research are inconclusive. Future studies
are necessary to confirm these findings and explore mechanisms by which berries may prevent
bone loss and effective doses in both postmenopausal smokers and nonsmokers.
This dissertation is approved for recommendation
to the Graduate Council.

Dissertation Director:

______________________________________________
Dr. Latha Devareddy

Dissertation Committee:

______________________________________________
Dr. Luke Howard

______________________________________________
Dr. Sun-Ok Lee

______________________________________________
Dr. Edward Gbur Jr.

______________________________________________
Dr. Ro Dibrezzo (ex officio)
DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE
I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation
when needed for research and /or scholarship.
Agreed ________________________________________
Lydia Kaume

Refused _________________________________________
Lydia Kaume
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to sincerely thank my advisor Dr. Devareddy for providing me with this educational
opportunity plus guidance, training and mentorship. I would also like to sincerely thank Dr.
Howard for his time, advice, guidance and training that have greatly improved my knowledge
and quality of work. Special thanks to Dr. Di Brezzo, Dr. Lee, Dr. Gbur and Dr. Lam for their
time, encouragement and advice. I also wish to thank my colleagues Mr. Gilbert, Ms. Teeple,
and Ms. Graves for the technical and moral support. Special thanks to Ms. Brownmiller and Dr.
White for their time, technical expertise, moral support and friendship. To all the professors, staff
and students at University of Arkansas, Food Science Department, thank you for providing a
warm, friendly and professionally supportive environment. I am also sincerely grateful to the
P.E.O sisterhood Foundation and the Jim Brooks’ Scholarship foundation for their much needed
financial support. The support and love from all my family members (too many to name) are
appreciated. To my parents Leah Wanjohi, Elizabeth Kaume and Naaman Kaume, you have been
a real pillar, thank you so much for prayers, sacrifices, heart-felt support and love. I would also
like to express my sincere gratitude to my husband Richard Wanjohi for his tremendous support,
sacrifice, encouragement and love. To my children Henry and Alan, thank you for the best
“welcome home” hugs after a hard day’s work and the immeasurable joy you bring to my life
every day. Finally, I am most grateful to God for providing me with all these opportunities and
the wonderful people He has placed and continues to place on my life’s journey.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
LITERATURE CITED 4
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 6
OSTEOPOROSIS 6
POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS 7
THE OVARIECTOMIZED RAT MODEL OF POSTMENOPAUSAL
OSTEOPOROSIS 8
SKELETAL SYSTEM 10
BONE TISSUE 11
BONE CELLULAR COMPONENTS 12
MODELING AND REMODELING 13
SYSTEMIC HORMONES REGULATING BONE METABOLISM 14
ESTROGEN AND BONE 15
INFLAMMATION AND BONE LOSS 16
ROLE OF ESTROGEN IN INFLAMMATION 17
ESTROGEN, OXIDATIVE STATUS AND BONE LOSS 17
ESTROGEN, CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND PTH IN BONE HEALTH 18
SMOKING AND BONE LOSS 19
MECHANISMS BY WHICH SMOKING CAUSES BONE LOSS 21
Reduced Active Vitamin D in Plasma 22
Malabsorption of calcium 22
Oxidative stress 22
Inflammation 23
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS 24
Raloxifene 25
Estrogen therapy 25
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 26
Bisphosphonates 27
Calcitonin 27
NUTRIENTS AND BONE METABOLISM 28
Protein 28
Calcium 29
Vitamin D 29
Micronutrients 30
FRUITS AND HEALTH 32
EFFECTS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN BLUEBERRY AND
BLACKBERRY ON HEALTH 33
BLACKBERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES AND BONE HEALTH 35
METABOLISM AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ANTHOCYANINS 36
LITERATURE CITED 39
III. THE BLACKBERRY FRUIT: A REVIEW ON ITS COMPOSITION AND
CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM AND BIOAVAILABILITY, AND HEALTH BENEFITS
52
ABSTRACT 52
INTRODUCTION 53
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION 54
PHENOLIC COMPOSITION 58
OTHER PHYTOCHEMICALS 71
METABOLISM AND BIOAVAILABILITY 71
HEALTH BENEFITS 76
Oxidative stress 76
Cardiovascular Disease 79
Cancer 80
Other health benefits 82
LITERATURE CITED 85
IV. CYANIDIN 3-O-Β-D-GLUCOSIDE-RICH BLACKBERRIES IMPROVE BONE
MASS AND MICROARCHITECTURAL PROPERTIES IN AN OVARIECTOMIZED
RAT MODEL OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS 96
ABSTRACT 96
INTRODUCTION 98
MATERIALS AND METHODS 99
RESULTS 103
DISCUSSION 113
CONCLUSION 115
LITERATURE CITED 116
ABSTRACT 120
INTRODUCTION 121
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 123
RESULTS 128
DISCUSSION 137