The Rise of the Infrastructure State: How US–China Rivalry Shapes Politics and Place Worldwide PDF
Preview The Rise of the Infrastructure State: How US–China Rivalry Shapes Politics and Place Worldwide
THE RISE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE STATE HOW US–CHINA RIVALRY SHAPES POLITICS AND PLACE WORLDWIDE EDITED BY SETH SCHINDLER AND JESSICA DICARLO THE RISE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE STATE How US– China Rivalry Shapes Politics and Place Worldwide Edited by Seth Schindler and Jessica DiCarlo First published in Great Britain in 2022 by Bristol University Press University of Bristol 1- 9 Old Park Hill Bristol BS2 8BB UK t: + 44 (0)117 374 6645 e: bup- [email protected] Details of international sales and distribution partners are available at bristoluniversitypress.co.uk © Bristol University Press 2022 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-5292-2077-3 hardcover ISBN 978-1-5292-2080-3 ePdf ISBN 978-1-5292-2079-7 ePub The right of Seth Schindler and Jessica DiCarlo to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Bristol University Press. Every reasonable effort has been made to obtain permission to reproduce copyrighted material. If, however, anyone knows of an oversight, please contact the publisher. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the editors and contributors and not of the University of Bristol or Bristol University Press. The University of Bristol and Bristol University Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. Bristol University Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design: Nicky Borowiec Front cover image: shutterstock_152814608 Bristol University Press uses environmentally responsible print partners. Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Contents List of Figures and Tables vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Notes on Contributors x Preface and Acknowledgements xvi 1 Introduction: Geopolitics, Infrastructure, and the Emergent 1 Geographies of US– China Competition Jessica DiCarlo and Seth Schindler PART I Grounding Infrastructural Rivalry 2 Mediating the Infrastructure State: The Role of Local 13 Bureaucrats in East Africa’s Infrastructure Scramble Charis Enns, Brock Bersaglio, and Masalu Luhula 3 Roads, Debt, and Kyrgyzstan’s Quest for Geopolitical Kinship 27 Rune Steenberg, Ulan Shamshiev, and Farzana Abdilashimova 4 Chinese Investment Meets Zambian Policy: The Planning 42 and Design of Multi- Facility Economic Zones in Lusaka Dorothy Tang 5 Infrastructure as Symbolic Geopolitical 58 Architecture: Kenya’s Megaprojects and Contested Meanings of Development Wangui Kimari and Gediminas Lesutis Interlude: The Emergence of a Sino- Centric Transnational Capitalist 71 Class? Steve Rolf PART II Infrastructural Governance and State Restructuring 6 Contradictory Infrastructures and Military (D)Alliance: 89 Philippine Elite Coalitions and Their Response to US– China Competition Alvin Camba, Jerik Cruz, and Guanie Lim iii THE RISE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE STATE 7 Infrastructure- Led Development with Post- Neoliberal 106 Characteristics: Buen Vivir, China, and Extractivism in Ecuador Nicholas Jepson 8 Centralizing Infrastructure in a Fragmenting Polity: 122 China and Ethiopia’s ‘Infrastructure State’ Zhengli Huang and Tom Goodfellow 9 Radioactive Strategies: Geopolitical Rivalries, African 137 Agency, and the Longue Durée of Nuclear Infrastructures in Namibia Meredith J. DeBoom 10 Argentina and the Spatial Politics of Extractive 153 Infrastructures under US– China Tensions Marcelo I. Saguier and Maximiliano F. Vila Seoane 11 Turkey between Two Worlds: EU Accession and the 167 Middle Corridor to Central Asia Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ and Seth Schindler 12 Multipolar Infrastructures and Mosaic Geopolitics in Laos 180 Jessica DiCarlo and Micah Ingalls Interlude: Locating Host- Country Agency and Hedging in 194 Infrastructure Cooperation Cheng- Chwee Kuik PART III Geopolitics and State Spatial Strategies 13 Himalayan Geopolitical Competition and the Agency 213 of the Infrastructure State in Nepal Dinesh Paudel and Katharine Rankin 14 Indonesia’s ‘Beauty Contest’: China, Japan, the US, and 227 Jakarta’s Spatial Objectives Angela Tritto, Mary Silaban, and Alvin Camba 15 Vietnam’s Spatial and Hedging Strategies in Response to 241 Chinese and Japanese Infrastructural Statecraft Jessica C. Liao 16 Diversifying Dependencies? Hungary, the EU, and 254 the Multifaceted Geopolitics of Chinese Infrastructure Investments Ferenc Gyuris 17 ‘No One Stole Anyone Else’s Cheese’: The Politics of 267 Infrastructural Competition in Kazakhstan Jessica Neafie iv CONTENTS 18 Outer Space Infrastructures 280 Julie Michelle Klinger 19 Conclusion: 21st- Century Third Worldism? 297 Seth Schindler and Jessica DiCarlo Index 309 v List of Figures and Tables Figures 4.1 Multi- facility economic zones in Lusaka, Zambia 44 4.2 Zambian copper production, global prices, and significant 45 political milestones 4.3 Multi- facility economic zones development progress in 49 Lusaka, Zambia, 2018 4.4 Planned land uses in multi-f acility economic zones, Lusaka 51 6.1 Philippines’ top ten official development assistance partners by 94 share, 2019 (%) 8.1 Location of government- owned industrial parks in Ethiopia 131 (operational or under construction in 2020) and the Addis Ababa– Djibouti Railway 14.1 Current and proposed railways, Indonesia 233 18.1 Compound to house road- building crews in ‘central 283 Afghanistan’, 2009 Tables 14.1 Comparison of the Chinese and Japanese proposals to build 232 the Jakarta– Bandung high- speed railway 16.1 The strong reliance of the Visegrád Group countries on EU 256 member states in terms of trade and FDI, 2008 (%) 16.2 Balance of merchandise trade with various partner countries 262 in the Visegrád Group countries, 2017– 19 (annual average, %) vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 17+ 1 A diplomatic forum connecting Central and Eastern European states with China (previously 16+ 1) ADB Asian Development Bank ADR Addis Ababa- Djibouti Railway AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AKP Turkey’s Justice and Development Party ASEAN Association for Southeast Asian Nations B3W Build Back Better World BBB Philippines Build Build Build programme BRI Belt and Road Initiative CCP Chinese Communist Party CDB China Development Bank CGN China General Nuclear Power Corporation CNMC China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company CNPC Chinese National Petroleum Company CPP Communist Party of the Philippines CSG China Southern Power Grid Company DND Department of National Defence of the Philippines ECRL East Coast Rail Link EdL Électricité du Laos EdL- T Électricité du Laos Transmission Company Limited EIZ Eastern Industrial Zone (Ethiopia) EPRDF Ethiopia People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ERC Ethiopian Railway Corporation EU European Union EXIM The Export- Import Bank of China FDI foreign direct investment FONOPs US- led Freedom of Navigation Operations G7 The Group of Seven is an intergovernmental political forum comprised of Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Germany, the UK, and the US vii THE RISE OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE STATE GMS Greater Mekong Subregion (an ADB initiative) HSR high- speed railway IDFC International Development Finance Corporation IFIs International Financial Institutions IMF International Monetary Fund IP Industrial Park IPDC Industrial Parks Development Corporation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LCEC Laos–C hina Economic Corridor LCR Laos– China Railway LPRP Lao People’s Revolutionary Party MCC Millennium Challenge Corporation (US) MFEZ multi- facility economic zone MNC multinational corporation MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment of Laos NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO non- governmental organization NPA New People’s Army (the CPP’s military arm) ODA overseas development assistance/o fficial development assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague PP Prosperity Party (Ethiopia) PPP public– private partnership PQI Partnership of Quality Infrastructure PRC People’s Republic of China SCS South China Sea SENPLADES National Secretariat of Planning and Development (Ecuador) SEZ special economic zone SOE state- owned enterprise SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Pakistan) SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization TCC transnational capitalist class TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe- Caucasus- Asia TWF Türkiye Wealth Fund UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea US TCC US-c entred transnational capitalist class viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USAID United State Agency for International Development V4 Visegrád Group comprised of Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia VFA Visiting Forces Agreement WSC Wall Street Consensus YPF Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (Argentina) ZCCZ Zambia– China Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone ZDA Zambian Development Agency ix
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