The Rise of the Egalitarian Family. Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England PDF
Preview The Rise of the Egalitarian Family. Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England
Portrait of Mrs. Delany by ). Opie. "She was the highest bred woman in the world and the woman of fashion of all ages [Edmund Burke]," and as such, she was Eng land's most accomplished kin-keeper. Copyright photograph from the National Por trait Gallery, London. Reproduced by permission. THE RISE OF THE EGALITARIAN FAMILY Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England RANDOLPH TRUMBACH Baruch College City University of New York ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers This is a volume in STUDIES IN SOCIAL DISCONTINUITY A complete list of titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. COPYRIGHT © 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Trumbach, Randolph. The rise of the egalitarian family. (Studies in social discontinuity series) Based on the author's thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1972. Bibliography: p. 1. Family—England—History — 18th century. 2. Aristocracy—History. 3. Kinship—History. I. Title. II. Series: Studies in social dis continuity. HQ615.T78 301.42ΊΌ942 77-82421 ISBN 0-12-701250-8 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA For Blanche and AJvan Trumbach who have waited patiently List of Illustrations Frontispiece Portrait of Mrs. DeJany. Sketch of Horace WaJpoJe. xx Portrait of the duke of Newcastle and the earl of Lincoln. 12 incestuous and licit spouses for an Englishman. 24 Pedigree of the dukes of Newcastle. 48 Pedigree of the dukes of Ancaster. 59 Portrait of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke. 68 Portrait of the marquess of Halifax. 118 Portrait of the countess of Sunderland. 164 Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and her son. 186 Portrait of Samuel Parr. 236 IX List of Tables 1.1 Prohibited Degrees of Marriage 22 1.2 Degrees of Mourning 35 A.l individual Kinship Terms in the Eighteenth Century 295 A.2 Collective or General Kinship Terms 296 B.l Histories of Settlement and Sources of Information for 57 Aristocratic Families 297 XI Acknowledgments I began work on this book 11 years ago and finished it in the spring of 1977. Most of the information on which it is based was gathered in 1967 and 1968. I wrote the first version of Chapters 4 and 5 in the spring of 1969. These I revised and presented, along with the first three chapters, as my dissertation to the Johns Hopkins University in 1972. In the spring of 1975 I recast the material in the first three chapters and wrote Chapter 6. In the spring of 19771 at long last wrote the final version of the general introduction. The material on schools in Chapter 6 was the last composed but the first gathered, for like everyone else I began under the influence of Aries and took for granted that when one studied the family, one started with the history of education. But by the time I wrote my dissertation, I had turned to the history of infancy under the influence of John Bowlby's psychological theory. One of my examiners, however, pointed out that my presentation of the material on kinship was anthropologically naive, and it was to remedy this that I recast the xin xiv Acknowledgments manuscript in 1975. Finding my publisher and the production of the book have taken the remainder of the time. It has sometimes seemed to my friends that I was an unconscionably long time in bringing this project to an end. But I hope that the final product will to some degree reward their kindness and patience. The pauses and the fallow periods (in 1969-1971 and 1973-1975) have certainly been useful to me. In them I learned to teach, discarded a great deal of commonplace in tellectual baggage and took on what I hope is better, and saw the pur pose of my studies change from pure curiosity to a desire to contribute to the movements of my time. I discovered my material in a number of libraries and record of fices. I wish to thank the staffs of the Eisenhower and Welsh libraries at Johns Hopkins, the Pratt and the Peabody libraries in Baltimore, the Brit ish Museum, the Newberry Library, the University of Chicago Libraries, the Baruch College Library, and the New York Public Library. I pre pared to tour the county record offices in England by using the catalogs in the National Register of Archives. The county archivists and their staffs were almost uniformly helpful. I must mention especially those of Kent and Lincolnshire and those of the University Library in Notting ham and the Sheffield Central Library. The Librarian at Chatsworth was also very kind. But my fondest memory must be of the Essex office where a neophyte was helped through his first manuscripts with tact and patience. I wish to thank Lord Fitzwilliam and his trustees for permission to use the manuscripts at Sheffield. Mr. W. S. Lewis sent me a copy of a letter. Professor R. F. Bond lent me a transcript. Lady Monson depo sited some papers for my use. Dr. T. H. Hollingsworth allowed me to have copies made of his materials. Dr. D. N. Thomas allowed me to microfilm his thesis. I wish to thank them all, and also the owners of all the collections so conveniently deposited in the record offices. Only two noblemen thought fit to deny me access to their papers on the ground of privacy. But then some gave permissions that I was in the end unable to use. During these 11 years I have received support from a number of sources that I must thank: fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation; an internship from the University of Chicago; and grants from the Newberry Library and the Research Foundation of the City University of New York. To two men I am indebted in ways that cannot be easily repaid. Trygve Tholfsen taught me as an undergraduate and made me want to be a historian; he has remained my friend and patron. David Spring has formed my mind. He led me to the topic of this book and then gave me Acknowledgments xv full freedom and every encouragement to do it as I saw fit. He was patient when I took 6 years to do my thesis. He carefully criticized the different stages of the manuscript. But, above all, he took me seriously as a scholar (as he does all his students) from the day I entered Hopkins. None of us has ever heard from him that wicked doctrine that a disser tation was an exercise. We were always at work on our first book. A number of colleagues have read my manuscript and offered criti cism and encouragement: Ervand Abrahamian, Carol Berkin, Myrna Engelmeyer, Margaret Jacob, Clara Lovett, and Edward Pessen. Others have also read the manuscript in whole or in part and offered useful comment: Roy Bartolomei, Lloyd deMause, Neville Dyson-Hudson, May Ebihara, M. W. Flinn, Mary Beth Norton, Orest Ranum, Dean Rapp, Joan Scott, Eileen Spring, Sanford Thatcher, Richard Vann, and Peter Whelley. Antonia Nofi, my former student, served as a research assis tant. And all my students have patiently endured and encouraged my interest in the family, whether I was teaching ancient Greece or Israel, the Renaissance in Florence, or eighteenth-century Europe. My brothers have managed to keep up their interest in my book. To my grandmother, Mildred Avery, and the other women of my family, I owe a special debt for giving a fascinated child a taste for taking plea sure in the anecdotes and ceremonies of kinship. My obligations to my parents I have tried to express on another page. And to my best friend, who has for years endured my conversation on these and other subjects, I hope some day to offer another work. List of Abbreviations Add. MSS Additional Manuscripts Bristol Diary S.H.A. Hervey, ed., Letterbooks of John Hervey, First Earl of Bristol (Wells: Suffolk Green Books, No. 2, 1894). Bristol Letterbook S.H.A. Hervey, ed., Letterbooks of John Hervey, First Earl of Bristol (Wells: Suffolk Green Books, No. 1, 1894), 3 vol. B.L. British Library Coke }. A. Home, ed., The Letters and Journals of Lady Mary Coke (Edinburgh: David Dougles, 1889- 1896), 4 vol. Delany Lady Llanover, ed., Autobiography and Corre spondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany (Lon don, 1861), 3 vol. (1862), 3 vol. EcHR Economic History Review xvn
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