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“In this remarkable book, Franca König delivers probably the most comprehensive account of the dynamics of European integration in the field of police cooperation to date. A must read for anyone interested in how polic- ing and internal security cooperation has evolved in Europe.” Florian Trauner, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium “Ms König has provided an excellent and comprehensive analysis on international police cooperation in the EU. I highly recommend reading this book to better understand how this process has influenced recent decisions on the European internal security.” Catherine De Bolle, Executive Director of Europol, The Hague, The Netherlands “This book comes on the heels of an important reform of the Europol Regulation and of the proposed EU Police Cooperation Code. It is a key contribution to understanding the underlying integration dynamics in this field.” Cathrin Bauer-Bulst, Head of Unit “Security in the Digital Age”, European Commission, Belgium THE RISE OF EU POLICE COOPERATION This book provides an in-depth empirical analysis and theoretical history of the institutional development of EU police cooperation, with a focus on the creation and integration of Europol. Presenting a thoroughly comprehensive analysis, the book systematically traces integration dynamics and the evolution of EU police cooperation over a 40-year period, assessing the influence of cross-country interdependencies, politicisation and policy entrepreneurship on Member States’ behaviour and institutional choice. By combining a wealth of sources including previously unpublished sources and personal insights from key decision-makers, it explores which driving factors shape processes of differentiation and integration in this sovereignty-sensitive policy domain, and how, and attempts to explain state preferences on international police cooperation in the light of major theories of European integration. The book will be of key interest to students, scholars and practitioners work- ing in or on the fields of police cooperation, Justice and Home Affairs policy, EU governance and security studies, both at national and European level. Franca König is EU Policy Officer at the Berlin Senate Department of the Inte- rior, where she currently heads the Task Force on the Berlin Presidency of the Standing Conference of Germany’s Interior Ministers. She is also a Consultant at The Counterterrorism Group. Routledge Studies on Government and the European Union Edited by Andy Smith, University of Bordeaux, France European Values Challenges and Opportunities for EU Governance Edited by François Foret and Oriane Calligaro Governing Sustainability in the EU From Political Discourse to Policy Practices Ekaterina Domorenok Decentring European Governance Edited by Mark Bevir and Ryan Phillips Subsidiarity and EU Multilevel Governance Actors, Networks and Agendas Serafín Pazos-Vidal Governance and the European Social Dimension Politics, Power and the Social Deficit in a Post-2010 EU Paul Copeland EU Socio-Economic Governance in Central and Eastern Europe The European Semester and National Employment Policies Mario Munta Value Politics in the European Union From Market to Culture and Back Edited by François Foret and Jana Vargovčíková The EU’s Government of Worker Mobility An Interdisciplinary Discussion Edited by Hélène Michel and Mélanie Schmitt The Rise of EU Police Cooperation Governing Differentiated Integration Franca König THE RISE OF EU POLICE COOPERATION Governing Differentiated Integration Franca König First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Franca König The right of Franca König to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-20092-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-20094-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-26217-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003262176 Typeset in Bembo by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. To all Europeans at heart. CONTENTS List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements xiv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 1 EU Internal Security and Police Cooperation: Putting Theory into Perspective 6 An Empirical Overview of the State of Affairs 7 Applying Theories of European Integration to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 17 From Words to Action: EU Police Cooperation through Time 37 2 The Trevi Group – Birthplace of European Police Cooperation 46 Sketching the TREVI Process: 1972–1976 47 The Community and Terrorism: Interconnected in Causes and Effects? 54 Politicisation and Public Pressure as Drivers of Common Action 59 The Influence of Police Officials and Other Subnational Actors 67 Institutional Choice in a Nutshell: State Preferences on the Three Dimensions of Differentiated Integration 75