The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan: Housing Market, Urban Policy, and Revitalizing Aging Cities PDF
Preview The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan: Housing Market, Urban Policy, and Revitalizing Aging Cities
Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences Tomoko Kubo Yoshimichi Yui Editors The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan Housing Market, Urban Policy, and Revitalizing Aging Cities Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences Series Editor R. B. Singh, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences synthesizes series diagnostigation and prognostication of earth environment, incorporating challeng- ing interactive areas within ecological envelope of geosphere, biosphere, hydro- sphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. It deals with land use land cover change (LUCC), urbanization, energy flux, land-ocean fluxes, climate, food security, ecohydrology, biodiversity, natural hazards and disasters, human health and their mutual interaction and feedback mechanism in order to contribute towards sustainablefuture.Thegeosciencesmethodsrangefromtraditionalfieldtechniques and conventional data collection, use of remote sensing and geographical information system, computer aided technique to advance geostatistical and dynamic modeling. The series integrate past, present and future of geospheric attributes incorpo- rating biophysical and human dimensions in spatio-temporal perspectives. The geosciences, encompassing land-ocean-atmosphere interaction is considered as a vital component in the context of environmental issues, especially in observation andpredictionofairandwaterpollution,globalwarmingandurbanheatislands.It is important to communicate the advances in geosciences to increase resilience of society through capacity building for mitigating the impact of natural hazards and disasters. Sustainability of human society depends strongly on the earth environ- ment,andthusthedevelopmentofgeosciencesiscriticalforabetterunderstanding of our living environment, and its sustainable development. Geoscience also has the responsibility to not confine itself to addressing current problemsbutitisalsodevelopingaframeworktoaddressfutureissues.Inorderto build a ‘Future Earth Model’ for understanding and predicting the functioning of the whole climatic system, collaboration of experts in the traditional earth disciplines as well as in ecology, information technology, instrumentation and complex system is essential, through initiatives from human geoscientists. Thus human geosceince is emerging as key policy science for contributing towards sustainability/survivality science together with future earth initiative. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences series publishes books thatcontainnovelapproachesintacklingissuesofhumangeoscienceinitsbroadest sense—books in the series should focus on true progress in a particular area or region.Theseriesincludesmonographsandeditedvolumeswithoutanylimitations in the page numbers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13113 Tomoko Kubo Yoshimichi Yui (cid:129) Editors The Rise in Vacant Housing in Post-growth Japan Housing Market, Urban Policy, and Revitalizing Aging Cities 123 Editors TomokoKubo Yoshimichi Yui Faculty ofLifeandEnvironmental Sciences Graduate Schoolof Education University of Tsukuba Hiroshima University Tsukuba,Ibaraki, Japan Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima,Japan ISSN 2198-3542 ISSN 2198-3550 (electronic) Advances in Geographical andEnvironmental Sciences ISBN978-981-13-7919-2 ISBN978-981-13-7920-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7920-8 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The twentieth century was the age of urbanization, and “growth” was one of the most important key words in academia, planning, economy, and politics. Urbanization and the following suburbanization brought about new lifestyles in suburbia,whichwascar-oriented,gender-biased,andfamily-oriented,supportedby the strong ideology of homeownership. Urbanization of the twentieth century, however, triggered the expansion of slums, expulsion, division, and uneven living conditions within cities. What hashappened and will happen in thecities of thetwenty-first century? At least in the first two decades, cities have faced serious challenges that were not prevalent in the previous centuries. Globalization of urban economy accelerated competitions among world cities that have strengthened their characters through capitalaccumulationinsteadofsimplybeingahomefortheirresidents.Aforestof skyscrapers symbolizes capital accumulation and a new lifestyle in city-center condominiums;atthefeetofskyscrapers,eviction,displacement,andhomelessness occurred as the beginning of the gentrification process. In addition to globalization, neoliberal housing policies have completely chan- ged urban lifestyles and housing market. In Japanese cities, demographic changes strongly affect the urban housing market. Aging, low fertility, and population loss triggeredurbanshrinkagethatdirectlycauseddeclineinresidentialenvironmentof old neighborhoods. Gap expansion in terms of residential environment within the Tokyo metropolitan area, growth in city-centers, and decline in aging suburban neighborhoods, is one of the crucial urban housing problems. Although many scholars including Doxiadis C. A. have dreamed of creating cities as human settlements rather than just a growing engine, cities are currently facing crucial challenges of livability. In many developed countries, cities are discussed in the framework of shrinking cities, post-growth society, and planning effortstoovercomerelatedproblems.Duetothedeclineinoldindustrialareas,such as the Rust Belt of the USA or Northern England, population loss, economic-base decline,anincreaseinhousingvacancieshascausedrelatedsocialdisorderandlack ofsecuritywithintheregion.InthecaseofJapan,populationagingandlowfertility can trigger shrinkage of the region as a whole. v vi Preface Incities ofdevelopingcountries,theemergenceofmega-citieshasresultedina great division within cities by housing types, socioeconomic status, and living conditions. Overgrowth of cities has caused slums, something akin to slums, or a vacuum. Slums or a vacuum, beyond regulations, laws, or other appropriate insti- tutionalcontrols,haveemergedinurbanfringesandoftenbeenfoundinAsiancities. Furthermore, there is emptiness due to people departing the overcrowded slums, leaving only useless buildings to dominate specific areas. Therefore, emptiness is also understood to be something akin to slums, and it can be found in many shrinking and declining cities in developed countries. In sum, overcrowded condi- tion and emptiness aretwo sides of thesame coin named “chaos” within cities. Regardless of developed or developing countries, many cities of today face problemsrelatedtotheexpansionofslumsorvacuumwithinthem.Thus,wearein the age of urban shrinkage, although it appears differently. In the era of urban shrinkage,Japanesecitieshavestruggledduetoagingandlowfertility, population loss, and economic-base decline over decades. Shrinkage in metropolitan suburbs and large cities (e.g., sites of prefectural government with 300–400 thousand inhabitants) has resulted a serious social disorder due to its huge aging population and large covered areas; one typical disorder that has emerged is an increase in empty and abandoned housing vacancies. This book can provide empirical outcomes dealing with new mechanisms of urbanshrinkageinJapan,differentfromtheWesternones,whicharecharacterized bydecline inlocalindustries. Demographicchanges,neoliberal urbanandhousing policies, and changes in people’s lifestyle preferences are closely connected and collectively responsible for urban shrinkage in Japan. The complete reality of the Japaneseshrinkingcities(PartII)andmeasurestoovercomeshrinkagebyactorsin different scales (Part III) are examined. In detail, this book explores (1) how Japanese cities have transformed since the 1950s by describing housing and urban planning policies, urbanization processes, andmapswithGISanalysis;(2)howhousingvacancieshaveincreasedinshrinking Japanese cities with case studies in Tokyo, Kyoto, Hiroshima, and Utsunomiya. Finally, we examine (3) public–private partnership and civil engagement for revi- talizingcities.ThecasesofJapanesecitiesdealingwithagingandurbanshrinkage mustcontributetobetterdecision-makingbypoliticians,planners,localauthorities, NPOs, or local communities in many rapidly urbanizing and potentially aging regions, such as Asia. AcknowledgementsThisresearchprojectisfinanciallysupportedbyKAKENHI,Grant-in-Aidfor Scientific Research (B). Project number: 15H03276, PI: Prof. Yoshimichi Yui at Hiroshima University. Tsukuba, Japan Tomoko Kubo Hiroshima, Japan Yoshimichi Yui September 2018 Contents Part I Housing Market, Urbanization, and Housing Vacancies in Japan 1 Why the Rise in Urban Housing Vacancies Occurred and Matters in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Tomoko Kubo and Michihiro Mashita 2 Mapping the Problems of Housing Vacancies in Japan. . . . . . . . . . 23 Yoshiki Wakabayashi 3 Changes in Essential Facilities of Housing Estates in an Aging Society: The Failure of City Planning in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Yoshimichi Yui Part II Case Studies 4 Geodemographic Characteristics of Vacant Houses in the Resale Condominium Market in the Kansai Metropolitan Area. . . . . . . . . 45 Yoji Kamimura, Masaya Uesugi and Keiji Yano 5 The Decline in Price of Suburban Secondhand Housing in Hiroshima City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Yoshimichi Yui 6 Distribution of Vacant Homes in Tama City in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Estimation Using GIS and Small Area Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Hitoshi Miyazawa 7 Urban Abandonment and Housing Vacancies in Japanese Local Cities: A Case of Kyo-machiya, Traditional Wooden Town Houses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Keiji Yano vii viii Contents 8 A Problem of Vacant Housing in Local Cities: Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Hiroyasu Nishiyama Part III Measures for Revitalizing Cities 9 Resolution of Vacant Housing Through Social Business: Kominka Renovation Business by Nakagawa Jyuken Corp . . . . . . 149 Hiroyasu Nishiyama 10 Local Responses to a Rise in Housing Vacancies in the Nagoya Suburbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Tomoko Kubo and Toshiyuki Otsuka Editors and Contributors About the Editors Tomoko Kubo is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesoftheUniversityofTsukuba,Japan.Sheisanurbangeographerworking closely with housing studies. She is currently the chair of the Urban Geography Commission’s Young Scholar (YS) Committee of the International Geographical Union (IGU) after winning its 2012 YS Paper competition, and a board member of the Research Committee on Housing and the Built Environment (RC43) of the International Sociological Association (ISA). Her research interests include urbanizationandthehousingmarket,urbanandhousingpolicy,residentialchoices under socioeconomic changes, single women’s homeownership, shrinking cities and their revitalization, and aging suburbs in Japan. Yoshimichi Yui is a professor in the Graduate School of Education of Hiroshima University, Japan. He is currently a board member of the UNESCO Associated School Project University Network. His research interests include housing studies in geography, urban geography, aging, town planning, welfare, gender, child care, revitalizing housing estates, and geography education. Contributors Yoji Kamimura Geo Laboratory Inc., Osaka, Japan Tomoko Kubo Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Michihiro Mashita Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan ix
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