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Text L o n g b “Quote” o t Endorser, Affiliation t o m Th o m a s P a i n e a n d t h e I d e a o f H u m a The Right n R to Science i g h t s Then and Now Cover image: Edited by Helle Porsdam and Sebastian Porsdam Mann the right to science Thateveryonehasahumanrighttoenjoythebenefitsoftheprogressofscienceandits applicationscomesasasurprisetomany.Nevertheless,thisrightispertinenttonumer- ous issues at the intersection of science and society: open access; “dual use” science; accesstoownershipanddisseminationofdata,knowledge,methodsandtheaffordances andapplicationsthereof;aswellastheroleofinternationalcooperation,humandignity andotherhumanrightsinrelationtoscienceanditsproducts.Asweadvancetowards superintelligence, quantum computing, drone swarms and life-extension technology, seriouspolicydecisionswillbemadeatthenationalandinternationallevels.Thehuman righttoscienceprovidesanidealtooltodoso,backedupasitisbyinternationallaw, politicalheftandnormativeweight.Thisbookisthefirstsustainedattemptatturningthis wonderofforesightintoanactionableandjusticiableright.Thistitleisalsoavailableas OpenAccessonCambridgeCore. Helle Porsdam is Professor of Law and Humanities and UNESCO Chair in Cultural Rights at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She holds a PhD from Yale UniversityinAmericanStudies,hasheldfellowshipsatHarvardLawSchool;Wolfson College Cambridge; and was a Global Ethics Fellow with the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. Her publications include Legally Speaking: Contemporary American Culture and the Law (1999), From Civil to Human Rights: Dialogues in Law and Humanities on the United States and Europe (2009), and The Transforming Power of Cultural Rights: A Promising Law and Humanities Approach (2019). SebastianPorsdamMannisaDPhilresearcherattheFacultyofLawatOxford.Hewas educatedinphilosophy,psychology,andneuroscienceattheUniversityofCambridge, wherehedidhisfirstPhDinneuroethics.Sebastianhasheldpostdoctoralpositionsin bioethicsatHarvardMedicalSchooland,asCarlsbergFoundationPostdoctoralFellow, attheUniversitiesofCopenhagenandOxford. The Right to Science then and now Editedby HELLE PORSDAM UniversityofCopenhagen SEBASTIAN PORSDAM MANN UniversityofOxford UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108478250 doi:10.1017/9781108776301 ©HellePorsdamandSebastianPorsdamMann2022 Thisworkisincopyright.Itissubjecttostatutoryexceptions andtotheprovisionsofrelevantlicensingagreements; withtheexceptionoftheCreativeCommonsversionthelinkforwhichisprovidedbelow, noreproductionofanypartofthisworkmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. 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Contents ListofContributors pagevii Acknowledgments ix Foreword LeaBishop xi Introduction 1 HellePorsdamandSebastianPorsdamMann part i the right to science, then 1 TheDawningofaRight ScienceandtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(1941–1948) 17 MikelMancisidor 2 TheOriginsoftheRighttoScience TheAmericanDeclarationontheRightsandDutiesofMan 33 CesareP.R.Romano 3 IPRightsandHumanRights WhatHistoryTellsUsandWhyItMatters 54 AuroraPlomer 4 “FosteringaLoveofTruth” ConceptionsofScienceinUNESCO’sEarlyYears 76 IvanLindChristensen 5 TheRighttoScienceandtheEvolutionofScientificIntegrity 91 RobertoAndorno v vi Contents part ii the right to science, now 6 OntheRighttoScienceAsaCulturalHumanRight 107 FaridaShaheedandAndrewMazibrada 7 MainstreamingScienceandHumanRightsinUNESCO 124 YvonneDondersandKonstantinosTararas 8 ConsideringtheRighttoEnjoytheBenefitsofScientificProgress andItsApplicationsAsaCulturalRight AChangeinPerspective 140 Myle`neBidault 9 ImplicationsoftheRighttoScienceforPeoplewithDisabilities 150 ValerieJ.Bradley 10 ScienceintheTimesofSARS-CoV-2 166 StjepanOresˇkovic´ andSebastianPorsdamMann part iii disseminating, implementing, and putting into practice the right to science 11 “FighttheFearwiththeFacts!” 195 RangaYogeshwar 12 TheRighttoScience FromPrincipletoPracticeandtheRoleofNationalScienceAcademies JessicaM.Wyndham,MargaretW.Vitullo,RebeccaEverly,Teresa 211 M.StoeplerandNathanielWeisenberg 13 TheRighttoScienceinPractice AProposedTestinFourStages 231 SebastianPorsdamMann,YvonneDondersandHellePorsdam 14 TheRighttoScience APracticalToolforAdvancingGlobalHealthEquityandPromoting theHumanRightsofPeoplewithTuberculosis 246 MikeFrickandGisaDang 15 AProposalforIndicatorsoftheHumanRighttoScience 268 AndreaBoggioandBrianGran 16 Epilogue TensionsintheRighttoScienceThenandNow 286 ChristineMitchell Index 298 Contributors MikelMancisidor isaMember oftheUnitedNationsCommitteeonEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights. He holds a Doctorate in International Relations from the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations (DIR GSD), WashingtonCollegeofLaw. CesareP.R.RomanoisaProfessorofLaw,LoyolaLawSchool,LosAngeles,USA. Aurora Plomer is a Professor of Law, University of Bristol, School of Law, Wills MemorialBuildingQueen’sRoadBristolBS81RJ,UK. Ivan Lind Christensen is an Associate Professor, Department of Politics and Society,AalborgUniversity,Denmark. RobertoAndornoisanAssociateProfessorofBiomedicalLawandBioethicsatthe SchoolofLawoftheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland. Farida Shaheed is an Executive Director, Shirkat Gah – Women’s Resource Centre,Pakistan. Andrew Mazibrada PhD Fellow, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law, UniversityofCopenhagen. YvonneDondersisaProfessor,InternationalHumanRightsandCulturalDiversity and Head of the Department of International and European Public Law at the FacultyofLawoftheUniversityofAmsterdam. Konstantinos Tararas is a Program Specialist, Inclusion and Rights Section, UNESCO. Myle`neBidaultisaMemberoftheFriborgGroup,Switzerlandandhasadoctorate inlaw,UniversityofParisXNanterre,UniversityofGeneva. Valerie J. Bradley is the founder and President Emerita of Human Services ResearchInstitute. vii viii ListofContributors StjepanOreskovicisaProfessor,UniversityofZagrebSchoolofMedicine,Croatia. Sebastian Porsdam Mann is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard Medical School’sCenterforBioethicsandtheUniversityofCopenhagen. RangaYogeshwarisaProfessorforEthicsandScienceCommunication,Centerfor Ethics and Responsibility (ZEV), Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of AppliedSciences,Germany. Jessica Wyndham is the Director of the Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights andLawProgram.ShealsoservesascoordinatoroftheAmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScience(AAAS). Margaret W. Vitullo is the Deputy Director, American Sociological Association,USA. RebeccaEverlyistheExecutiveDirector,InternationalHumanRightsNetworkof AcademiesandScholarlySocieties. Teresa M. Stoepler is executive director of the InterAcademy Partnership for Research(IAP-R),USA. Nathaniel Weisenberg is the Program Associate, American Association for the AdvancementofScience(AAAS),USA. Helle Porsdam is Professor of Law and Humanities at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law (CIS), Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen,Denmark. MikeFrickisTuberculosisProjectCo-director,TreatmentActionGroup,USA. Gisa Dang is Health and Human Rights Concultant, Treatment Action Group,USA. Andrea Boggio is a professor in the Legal Studies department at Bryant University,USA. Brian Gran is a Professor, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Sociology,LawSchool,andSchoolofAppliedSocialSciences,USA. ChristineMitchelistheExecutiveDirector,CenterforBioethics,HarvardMedical School,Boston,MA.