The Retina and Circadian Rhythms PDF
Preview The Retina and Circadian Rhythms
Springer Series in Vision Research Gianluca Tosini P. Michael Iuvone Douglas G. McMahon Shaun P. Collin Editors The Retina and Circadian Rhythms Springer Series in Vision Research Series Editors N. Justin Marshall The University of Queensland Brisbane, Australia Shaun P. Collin The University of Western Australia Crawley, West Australia, Australia For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10633 About the Series The Springer Series in Vision Research is a comprehensive update and overview of cutting edge vision research, exploring, in depth, current breakthroughs at a conceptual level. It details the whole visual system, from molecular processes to anatomy, physiology, and behavior; and covers both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms from terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Each book in the Series is aimed at all individuals with interests in vision including advanced graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, established vision scientists and clinical investigators. The series editors are N. Justin Marshall, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia and Shaun P. Collin, Neuroecology Group within the School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute at the University of Western Australia. Gianluca T osini (cid:129) P. Michael Iuvone Douglas G. McMahon (cid:129) Shaun P. Collin Editors The Retina and Circadian Rhythms Editors Gianluca Tosini P. Michael Iuvone Morehouse School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta , GA , USA Atlanta , GA , USA Douglas G. McMahon Shaun P. Collin Vanderbilt University The University of Western Australia Nashville , TN , USA Crawley , W A , Australia ISBN 978-1-4614-9612-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-9613-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9613-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013957057 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Gianluca Tosini, Douglas G. McMahon, and P. Michael Iuvone 2 Fundamental Retinal Circuitry for Circadian Rhythms ..................... 3 Enrica Strettoi and Vincenzo Parisi 3 Circadian Photoreception: From Phototransduction to Behaviour............................................................................................. 27 Hester C. van Diepen, Johanna H. Meijer, Stuart N. Peirson, and Russell G. Foster 4 Role of Melatonin and Dopamine in the Regulation of Retinal Circadian Rhythms ............................................................... 49 Gianluca Tosini and P. Michael Iuvone 5 Circadian Organization of the Vertebrate Retina ................................ 69 Douglas G. McMahon 6 Rhythmicity of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium .................................. 95 Linda Ruggiero and Silvia C. Finnemann 7 Retinal Circadian Rhythms in Mammals Revealed Using Electroretinography ..................................................................... 113 Morven A. Cameron, Annette E. Allen, and Robert J. Lucas 8 Circadian Effects on Retinal Light Damage ......................................... 131 P. Wong, D. T. Organisciak, A. C. Ziesel, M. A. Chrenek, and M. L. Patterson 9 Circadian Rhythms and Vision in Zebrafi sh ........................................ 171 Farida Emran and John E. Dowling v vi Contents 10 Circadian Modulation of the Limulus Eye for Day and Night Vision ...................................................................................... 195 Christopher L. Passaglia and Erik D. Herzog 11 Molluskan Ocular Pacemakers: Lessons Learned ............................... 213 Gene D. Block and Christopher S. Colwell Index ................................................................................................................. 233 Contributors Annette E. Allen, B.Sc., Ph.D. Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK Gene D. Block, Ph.D. L aboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA Morven A. Cameron, B.Sc., Ph.D. S chool of Medicine, University of Western Sydney , Campbelltown , NSW , Australia M.A. Chrenek, B.Sc. Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA Shaun P. Collin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. T he University of Western Australia, Animal Biology and UWA Oceans Institute , Crawley , WA , Australia Christopher S. Colwell, Ph.D. L aboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA Hester C. van Diepen, M.Sc. Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands John E. Dowling, Ph.D. D epartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, H arvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA Farida Emran, Ph.D. Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital , M ontreal , QC , Canada Silvia C. Finnemann, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation , Fordham University , Bronx , NY , USA vii viii Contributors Russell G. Foster, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. Nuffi eld Laboratory of Ophthalmology , Nuffi eld Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Levels 5-6 West Wing, U niversity of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, UK Erik D. Herzog, Ph.D. Department of Biology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA P. Michael Iuvone, Ph.D. Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta , GA , USA Robert J. Lucas, B.Sc., Ph.D. Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK Douglas G. McMahon, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA Johanna H. Meijer, Ph.D. Laboratory for Neurophysiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands Daniel T. Organisciak, Ph.D. Petticrew Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA Vincenzo Parisi, M.D. GB Bietti Foundation for Ophthalmology , Via Livenza 3, Rome , Italy Christopher L. Passaglia, Ph.D. Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering , University of Southern Florida , Tampa , FL , USA M.L. Patterson , B.Sc., Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton , AB , Canada S. N. Peirson, B.Sc., Ph.D. Nuffi eld Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffi eld Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Levels 5-6 West Wing , University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way , O xford , UK Linda Ruggiero, Ph.D. D epartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation , Fordham University , Bronx , NY , USA Enrica Strettoi, Ph.D. Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council , Pisa , Italy Gianluca Tosini, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA P. Wong, Ph.D. Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA A.C. Ziesel, B.Sc. Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA Chapter 1 Introduction Gianluca Tosini, Douglas G. McMahon, and P. Michael Iuvone Daily rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of living systems. Generally, these rhythms are not just passive consequences of cyclic fl uctuations in the environment, but instead originate within the organism. In mammals, including humans, the master pacemaker controlling 24-h rhythms is localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. This circadian clock is responsible for the temporal organization of a wide variety of functions, ranging from sleep and food intake to physiological measures such as body temperature, heart rate, and hormone release. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of the circadian rhythms due to genetic mutations or environmental factors (i.e., jet lag or shift work) contributes to the development of many pathologies, including sleep disor- ders, mood and affective disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, as well as the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. T he retina plays a critical role in the organization of the circadian system by synchronizing the brain’s central clock with the external day through transduction of the daily light/dark cycle. However, the substantial variation in luminance imposed on the retina between day and night also poses a challenge to its role as a sensory tissue—how is it possible to faithfully encode the enormous dynamic range of luminance that can exceed ten orders of magnitude? In this regard, the retina has G. Tosini, Ph.D. (*) Morehouse School of Medicine , 720 Westview Drive SW , Atlanta , GA 30310 , USA e-mail: [email protected] D.G. McMahon, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA e-mail: [email protected] P.M. Iuvone, Ph.D. Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA G. Tosini et al. (eds.), The Retina and Circadian Rhythms, Springer Series 1 in Vision Research 1, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9613-7_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
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