The Relationship Between Health Risk and Workplace Productivity in Saudi Arabia PDF
Preview The Relationship Between Health Risk and Workplace Productivity in Saudi Arabia
Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 The Relationship Between Health Risk and Workplace Productivity in Saudi Arabia Sarah Lorraine Hayman Walden University Follow this and additional works at:https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of theBusiness Commons, and thePublic Health Education and Promotion Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please [email protected]. Walden University College of Health Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Sarah Hayman has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. James Goes, Committee Chairperson, Health Services Faculty Dr. James Dockins, Committee Member, Health Services Faculty Dr. Pat Carmoney, University Reviewer, Health Services Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract The Relationship Between Health Risk and Workplace Productivity in Saudi Arabia by Sarah Hayman MHA, Phoenix, 2010 PG Dip (Sports Med), Otago, 2005 B (Phty), Otago, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Health Services Walden University December 2016 Abstract Rising worldwide rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Middle East, principally Saudi Arabia, have put an increasing load on the health system and employers. Middle Eastern organizations have been slow to develop targeted health programs, which include an emphasis on employee productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between employee lifestyle and workplace productivity. Productivity is the amount of work produced based on the time and cost required to do so. The underlying theoretical foundations of this research were the socioecological health model and the human capital model. The quantitative, ex post facto design relied on secondary data from Saudi Aramco. Lifestyle data were collected from a health risk assessment including the Stanford Presenteeism Scale. Data analysis consisted of both a correlational and multiple regression analysis. Correlational results indicated that exercise, tobacco use, body mass index (BMI), and nutrition were significantly related to workplace productivity. Exercise and nutrition had a significant positive correlation with workplace productivity, while tobacco use and increasing BMI were negatively correlated with workplace productivity. Multiple regression analysis results explained 21% of the variance in the dependent variable, a sizable percentage with such a large sample. Overall, these results suggest a strong influence of health choices on productivity. Since this research was the first to explore the unique cultural context and draw attention to the increasing NCD burden, the results are notable. Implications of this research should resonate with organizational leaders in the Middle East, and provide a clear opportunity to improve organization and human performance. The Relationship Between Health Risk and Workplace Productivity in Saudi Arabia by Sarah Hayman MHA, Phoenix, 2010 PG Dip (Sports Med), Otago, 2005 B (Phty), Otago, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Health Services Walden University December 2016 Dedication Raylene, you would have loved this. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii! List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix! Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................... 1! Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1! Background ................................................................................................................... 2! Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 4! Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................................... 5! Research Questions and Hypotheses ............................................................................ 5! Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 7! Nature of the Study ..................................................................................................... 10! Definitions ................................................................................................................... 11! Assumptions ................................................................................................................ 12! Scope and Delimitations ............................................................................................. 13! Study Boundaries ........................................................................................................ 14! Generalizability ..................................................................................................... 14! Limitations .................................................................................................................. 15! Significance ................................................................................................................. 15! Summary ..................................................................................................................... 17! Introduction ................................................................................................................. 18! Literature Search Strategy ........................................................................................... 18! Theoretical Foundation ............................................................................................... 21! i Introduction ........................................................................................................... 21! Public Health Programs ........................................................................................ 22! Socioecological Health Model .............................................................................. 23! Five-Tier Pyramid ................................................................................................. 25! Human Capital Model ........................................................................................... 27! Model Justification ................................................................................................ 28! Health and Productivity in Saudi Arabia .................................................................... 30! Introduction ........................................................................................................... 30! Saudi Aramco ........................................................................................................ 32! Saudi Arabia Health Profile .................................................................................. 34! Saudi Aramco Health Status ................................................................................. 36! Poor Health in the Workplace ..................................................................................... 44! Introduction ........................................................................................................... 44! Health Risk Evaluations ........................................................................................ 46! Lifestyle Risk Factors ........................................................................................... 55! Health Risks Saudi Aramco .................................................................................. 60! Presenteeism ............................................................................................................... 62! Introduction ........................................................................................................... 62! Measuring Presenteeism ....................................................................................... 65! Literature Review Summary ....................................................................................... 66! Chapter 3: Research Method ............................................................................................. 70! Introduction ................................................................................................................. 70! ii Methodology ............................................................................................................... 71! Study Population ................................................................................................... 72! Sampling and Sampling Procedures ..................................................................... 73! Procedures ............................................................................................................. 74! Sample Size ........................................................................................................... 74! Research Design .......................................................................................................... 75! Data Access ........................................................................................................... 75! Instrumentation and Operationalization of Constructs ............................................... 76! Dependent Variable .............................................................................................. 76! Reliability .............................................................................................................. 78! Validity ................................................................................................................. 79! Independent Variables .......................................................................................... 80! Demographic Variables ........................................................................................ 84! Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 85! Correlation ............................................................................................................ 86! Multiple Regression .............................................................................................. 88! Regression Procedure .................................................................................................. 88! Assumption Testing .............................................................................................. 89! Interpreting the Output ................................................................................................ 90! Correlation Analysis ............................................................................................. 90! Multiple Regression .............................................................................................. 90! Threats to Validity ................................................................................................ 91! iii Ethical Procedures ...................................................................................................... 92! Summary ..................................................................................................................... 93! Introduction ................................................................................................................. 95! Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 96! Stanford Presenteeism Scale ................................................................................. 98! Physical Activity ................................................................................................... 98! Tobacco Use .......................................................................................................... 99! Body Mass Index .................................................................................................. 99! Sedentary Occupation ......................................................................................... 100! Nutrition .............................................................................................................. 100! Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................................. 100! Correlational and Statistical Analysis ....................................................................... 103! Research Question 1 ........................................................................................... 104! Research Question 2 ........................................................................................... 105! Research Question 3 ........................................................................................... 107! Research Question 4 ........................................................................................... 113! Research Question 5 ........................................................................................... 114! Hypothesis Results Summary ............................................................................. 115! Multiple Regression Analysis ................................................................................... 116! Assumption Testing ............................................................................................ 117! Multiple Regression Equation ............................................................................. 120! Summary ............................................................................................................. 121! iv
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