The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586-1906: A Colony So Fertile (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology) PDF
Preview The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586-1906: A Colony So Fertile (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology)
OXFORD STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY Editorial Board bettina arnold michael dietler stephen dyson peter rowley-conwy howard williams Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology consists of scholarly works focusing on the history of archaeology throughout the world. The series coversthedevelopmentofprehistoric,classical,colonial,andearlyhistoric archaeologiesuptothepresentday.Thestudies,althoughresearchedatthe highest level, are written in an accessible style and will interest a broad readership. The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586–1906 A Colony so Fertile RICHARD HINGLEY 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto WithoYcesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)RichardHingley2008 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2008 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Hingley,Richard. TherecoveryofRomanBritain1586–1906:acolonysofertile/RichardHingley. p. cm.—(Oxfordstudiesinthehistoryofarchaeology) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978–0–19–923702–9 1. GreatBritain—Antiquities,Roman. 2. GreatBritain—History—Romanperiod, 55B.C.–449A.D. 3. GreatBritain—Civilization—Romaninflucences. 4. Excavations (Archaeology)—GreatBritain. 5. Romans—GreatBritain. 6. Imperialism. I. Title. DA145.H555 2008 936.2’04—dc22 2008020988 TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire ISBN978–0–19–923702–9 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For David Breeze This page intentionally left blank Preface This bookexplores how ideas derived from the Roman domination of Britain were articulated in the definition of nationhood between thesixteenthandearlytwentiethcentury.Discoveriesofobjectsand sites have contributed to this understanding of the pre-Roman and Roman past. Dominant perceptions of Roman Britain have drawn upon the writings of classical authors—including Julius Caesar, Tacitus, and Cassius Dio—that addressed the ancient Britons and the actions of the Romans in Britain. From the start of this period, however,discoveriesintheBritishcountrysideandintownsbeganto supplement the understanding derived from classical writers. This book addresses how these finds were used to inform, develop, and contradictknowledgederivedfromclassicaltexts. Roman contact and control were thought to have allowed the ancient Britons of the Lowlands to achieve civil behaviour. This ancestral achievement was used to characterize the modern popula- tions of Scotland, Ireland, and territories overseas as ‘uncivil’ or ‘barbaric’. The book explores the subsequent transformation of ideasofcivilityundernewhistoricalcircumstances;ideasofRoman- ized Britons and Romanization are referenced to account for the gradual transformation of the material culture available to Britons inimmediately pre-RomanandRomantimes. This book was completed during a period of research leave in autumn and winter 2006–7, funded by the University of Durham and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (Research Leave Scheme). I am very grateful to Professor Stephen Harrison for his help with my grant application and to the two anonymous referees fortheircomments.Iwouldalsoliketothanktherefereesselectedby Oxford University Press for their very helpful comments on my proposal for this book and a further referee for comments on the finaldraftofthetext. Manypeoplehavehelpedmewiththeresearchandpreparationofthis book.Inparticular,ChristinaUnwinprovidedinvaluableassistancewith theeditingofthetext,preparationoftheillustrationsandproductionof viii Preface theindex.IamverygratefultoDrAudreyHorningofLeicesterUniver- sityforheradviceaboutearlymodernIreland;toDrAnneO’Connorfor livelydiscussionsoftheoriesofhistoryandforlendingmehercopyofthe 1695editionofCamden’sBritannia;andtoDrDimitrisGrigoropoulos, DrPhilFreeman,andColinWallaceforreferencestovariouspublished works. Dr Rama Mantena allowed me to use material from her forth- comingarticle,whileDrPaulBidwell,ProfessorDavidBreeze,DrNick Hodgson,ProfessorLawrenceKeppie,andAdamRogersprovidedcom- mentsonearlierdraftsofvarioussectionsofthetext.DrRobWitcher and Dr Divia Tolia Kelly helped me to reconceptualize issues of geog- raphyandmateriality,whileDrRebeccaJoneslentrelevantsectionsfrom her unpublished PhD thesis. My thanks to Bernard Nurse and Adrian James atthe Societyof Antiquaries, Dr SheilaHingleyatPalace Green Library,UniversityofDurham,IanFrielofChichesterMuseum,andthe City Clerk at Chichester for assistance with the permissions for the reproductionofvariousimages.Haverfield’sunpublishedpaper(1913) isreferencedherebypermissionoftheHaverfieldBequest,Universityof OxfordandIamgratefultoProfessorAndrewWilsonforhisassistance ingrantingpermissiontousethistext.Finally,Iamalsoverygratefulto myeditorHilaryO’SheaatOxfordUniversityPress,tomycopy-editor lanMcAuslan,tomyproofreaderChristineRanft,andtothestaffatthe BodleianandSacklerLibrariesinOxfordandthePalaceGreenLibrary andmainUniversityLibraryinDurhamfortheirunstintinghelpwith myresearch. R.H. Shadforth,Durham December2007 Contents Listofillustrations x Introduction 1 1. ‘Madeandnotborncivill’ 17 2. AwalltoseparatethebarbariansfromtheRomans 85 3. ‘Acolonysofertile’ 157 4. ‘TheRomanoccupationofBritainandourown occupationofIndia’ 238 Conclusion 326 References 335 Index 375
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