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The Recognition of Shakuntala (Clay Sanskrit Library) PDF

421 Pages·2006·0.95 MB·English
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THECLAYSANSKRITLIBRARY FOUNDEDBYJOHN&JENNIFERCLAY GENERALEDITOR RICHARDGOMBRICH EDITEDBY ISABELLEONIANS SOMADEVAVASUDEVA WWW.CLAYSANSKRITLIBRARY.COM WWW.NYUPRESS.ORG Copyright(cid:2)c 2006bytheCSL. Allrightsreserved. FirstEdition2006. TheClaySanskritLibraryisco-publishedby NewYorkUniversityPress andtheJJCFoundation. Furtherinformationaboutthisvolume andtherestoftheClaySanskritLibrary isavailableonthefollowingWebsites: www.claysanskritlibrary.com www.nyupress.org. ISBN0-8147-8815-7 ArtworkbyRobertBeer. PrintedinGreatBritainbyStEdmundsburyPressLtd, BuryStEdmunds,Suffolk,onacid-freepaper. BoundbyHunter&FoulisLtd,Edinburgh,Scotland. The Recognition of Shaku´ ntala by Ka¯lida¯sa EDITEDANDTRANSLATEDBY SOMADEVA VASUDEVA NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS JJC FOUNDATION 2006 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ka¯lida¯sa [S´akuntala¯.English&Sanskrit] TherecognitionofShakuntala/byKalidasa; editedandtranslatedbySomadevaVasudeva. p.cm.–(TheClaySanskritlibrary) Play. InEnglishandSanskrit;includestranslationfromSanskrit. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8147-8815-7(cloth:alk.paper) I.Vasudeva,Somadeva.II.Title.III.Series. PK3796.S4V372006 891’.222222004029513 Contents Sanskritalphabeticalorder 7 CSLconventions 7 THERECOGNITIONOFS´AKUNTALA¯ Introduction 13 DramatisPersonæ 47 Prologue 50 ActOne:TheChase 58 ActTwo:TheSecret 98 ActThree:ThePassion 130 ActFour:TheFarewell 176 ActFive:TheTragedy 218 ActSix:TheLonging 258 ActSeven:TheAbsolution 316 ParaphraseofPrakrit(cha¯ya¯) 365 Notes 403 Index 411 cslconventions sanskritalphabeticalorder Vowels: aa¯i¯ıuu¯.r.¯r.l.¯leaioaum. h. (f) Gutturals: kkhgghn˙ Palatals: cchjjhn˜ Retroflex: .t.thd. d.hn. Dentals: tthddhn Labials: pphbbhm Semivowels: yrlv Spirants: ´s.ssh guidetosanskritpronunciation a but vowelsothattaih. ispro- a¯,aˆ rather nounced taihi. In Kash- i sit mirianpractice,whenvis- ¯ı,ˆı fee arga is followed by p or u put phitisreplacedbyupa- dhma¯n¯ıya,herewrittenas u¯,uˆ boo f,andpronouncedasan .r vocalicr,Americanpurdy unvoiced, short blow of orEnglishpretty air. .¯r lengthened.r k luck .l vocalicl,able kh blockhead e,ˆe,¯e made,esp.inWelshpro- g go nunciation gh bighead ai bite n˙ anger o,oˆ,o¯rope,esp.Welshpronun- c chill ciation;Italiansolo ch matchhead au sound j jog jh aspiratedj,hedgehog m. anusva¯ranasalizesthepre- n˜ canyon cedingvowel .t retroflex t, try (with the h.,f visarga,avoicelessaspira- tip of tongue turned up tion(resemblingEnglish totouchthehardpalate) h),orlikeScottishloch,or .th sameastheprecedingbut anaspirationwithafaint aspirated echoingofthepreceding d. retroflex d (with the tip 7 therecognitionofshaku´ntala of tongue turned up to b before touchthehardpalate) bh abhorrent d.h sameastheprecedingbut m mind aspirated y yes n. retroflex n (with the tip r trilled,resemblingtheIta- of tongue turned up to lianpronunciationofr touchthehardpalate) l linger t Frenchtout v word th tenthook ´s shore d dinner .s retroflexsh(withthetip dh guildhall ofthetongueturnedup n now totouchthehardpalate) p pill s hiss ph upheaval h hood cslpunctuationofenglish TheacuteaccentonSanskritwordswhentheyoccuroutsideofthe Sanskrittextitself,marksstress,e.g.Rama´yana.Itisnotpartoftra- ditionalSanskritorthography,transliterationortranscription,butwe supplyitheretoguidereadersinthepronunciationoftheseunfamiliar words.SincenoSanskritwordisaccentedonthelastsyllableitisnot necessarytoaccentdisyllables,e.g.Rama. ThesecondCSLinnovationdesignedtoassistthereaderinthepro- nunciationoflengthyunfamiliarwordsistoinsertanunobtrusivemid- dledotbetweensemanticwordbreaksincompoundnames(provided thewordbreakdoesnotfallonavowelresultingfromthefusionof twovowels),e.g.Maha·bha´rata,butRama´yana(notRama·a´yana).Our dotechoesthepunctuatingmiddledot(·)foundintheoldestsurviving samplesofwrittenIndic,theAshokaninscriptionsofthethirdcentury bce. ThedeeplayeringofSanskritnarrativehasalsodictatedthatweuse quotationmarksonlytoannouncethebeginningandendofeverydirect speech,andnotatthebeginningofeveryparagraph. 8 cslconventions cslpunctuationofsanskrit TheSanskrittextisalsopunctuated,inaccordancewiththepunc- tuationoftheEnglishtranslation.Inmid-verse,thepunctuationwill notalterthesandhiorthescansion.Propernamesarecapitalized,asare theinitialwordsofverses(orparagraphsinprosetexts).MostSanskrit metreshavefour“feet”(pa¯da):wherepossibleweprintthecommon ´slokametreontwolines.Thecapitalizationofversebeginningsmakes iteasyforthereadertorecognizelongermetreswhereitisnecessaryto printthefourmetricalfeetoverfouroreightlines.IntheSanskrittext, we use French Guillemets (e.g. «kva sam.cic¯ır.suh.?») instead of English quotationmarks(e.g.“Whereareyouoffto?”)toavoidconfusionwith theapostrophesusedforvowelelisioninsandhi. Sanskritpresentsthelearnerwithachallenge:sandhi(“euphoniccom- bination”).Sandhimeansthatwhentwowordsarejoinedinconnected speechorwriting(whichinSanskritreflectsspeech),thelastletter(or evenletters)ofthefirstwordoftenchanges;comparethewaywepro- nounce“the”in“thebeginning”and“theend.” InSanskritthefirstletterofthesecondwordmayalsochange;andif boththelastletterofthefirstwordandthefirstletterofthesecondare vowels,theymayfuse.ThishasaparallelinEnglish:anasalconsonantis insertedbetweentwovowelsthatwouldotherwisecoalesce:“apear”and “anapple.”Sanskritvowelfusionmayproduceambiguity.Thechartat thebackofeachbookgivesthefullsandhisystem. Fortunatelyitisnotnecessarytoknowthesechangesinordertostart readingSanskrit.Forthat,whatisimportantistoknowtheformofthe secondwordwithoutsandhi(pre-sandhi),sothatitcanberecognized orlookedupinadictionary.ThereforeweareprintingSanskritwitha systemofpunctuationthatwillindicate,unambiguously,theoriginal formofthesecondword,i.e.,theformwithoutsandhi.Suchsandhi mostlyconcernsthefusionoftwovowels. InSanskrit,vowelsmaybeshortorlongandarewrittendifferently accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no markaboveitisshort.Otherbooksmarkalongvoweleitherwitha barcalledamacron(a¯)orwithacircumflex(aˆ).Oursystemusesthe macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex 9

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This play was one of the first examples of Indian literature to be seen in Europe; it attracted considerable attention (among others, from Goethe), and indeed pained surprise that such a sophisticated art-form could have developed without the rest of the world noticing. A good deal of that surprise
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