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279 Pages·01.066 MB·English

by  Daniel Fenning

SLIPS OF THE TONGUE

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STUDIES IN BILINGUALISM (SiBil)
EDITORS
Kees de Bot Thom Huebner
University of Nijmegen San José State University
EDITORIAL BOARD
Michael Clyne (Monash University)
Kathryn Davis (University of Hawaii at Manoa)
Joshua Fishman (Yeshiva University)
François Grosjean (Université de Neuchâtel)
Wolfgang Klein (Max Planck Institut für Psycholinguistik)
Georges Lüdi (University of Basel)
Christina Bratt Paulston (University of Pittsburgh)
Suzanne Romaine (Merton College, Oxford)
Merrill Swain (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education)
Richard Tucker (Carnegie Mellon University)
Volume 20
Nanda Poulisse
Slips of the Tongue
Speech Errors in First and Second Language Production
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SLIPS OF THE TONGUE
SPEECH ERRORS
IN FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE
PRODUCTION
NANDA POULISSE
University of Amsterdam

JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA
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TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of Ameri-
8 can National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Poulisse, Nanda.
Slips of the tongue : speech errors in first and second language production / Nanda Poulisse.
p. cm. -- (Studies in bilingualism, ISSN 0928-1533 ; v. 20)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Language acquisition. 2. Speech errors. 3. Children--Language. I. Title. II. Series.
P118.P646 1999
401’.93--dc21 99-42694
ISBN 90 272 4130 9 (Eur.) / 1 55619 952 X (US) (Hb; alk. paper) CIP
© 1999 – John Benjamins B.V.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other
means, without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 75577 • 1070 AN Amsterdam • The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA
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ToGerdaPoulisse-vanderWorp

Table of Contents
TableofContents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1
LiteratureReview: SlipsoftheTongueinAdultNativeSpeech . . . . . . 5
1.1 Research methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Research findings: 14 major claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Two monolingual models of speech production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.1 Dell (1986) and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.2 Levelt (1989) and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 2
LiteratureReview:SlipsoftheTongueinChildLanguageProduction . 35
2.1 Research findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 3
LiteratureReview:SlipsoftheTongueinL2Production . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 Research findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2 Bilingual models of speech production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.1 DiVerences between L1 and L2 production . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.2 Early studies of bilingualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.3 Green (1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.4 De Bot (1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.5 Poulisse and Bongaerts (1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.6 Green (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
viii TABLEOFCONTENTS
3.3 Models of second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3.1 McLaughlin’s model of restructuring and automatization . . . . 67
3.3.2 Anderson’s ACT* theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.3 MacWhinney and Bates’ Competition Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.4 Gass’ input … output model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter 4
TheSecondLanguageSlipProject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Goals, research questions and hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.3 Data collection and data handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 5
MethodologicalIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1 Defining slips of the tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 Detecting slips of the tongue: the reliability issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3 Coding slips of the tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chapter 6
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1 A comparison of L1 and L2 slips concerning 14 claims . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.1 An analysis of the L2 slip corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.2 An analysis of the L1 slip corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 L2 slips and the learner’s proficiency level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2.1 The number of slips produced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2.2 Slips at diVerent linguistic levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.2.3 The unsupported claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2.4 A comparison of L2 learners’ and child L1 learners’ slips . . . 145
6.3 L1-based slips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.4 L2 learner-specific slips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.4.1 The 3rd person singular ‘-s’ morpheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

6.4.2 The phonemes /q/ and /ð/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
TABLEOFCONTENTS ix
Chapter 7
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.1 Implications for monolingual models of speech production . . . . . . . . 161
7.2 Implications for bilingual models of speech production . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.3 Implications for models of second language acquisition . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4 Conclusion and recommendations for future research . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
ListofReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Appendix1:L2slipsofthetongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Appendix2:L1slipsofthetongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263