The Quality of Democracy in Africa: Opposition Competitiveness Rooted in Legacies of Cleavages PDF
Preview The Quality of Democracy in Africa: Opposition Competitiveness Rooted in Legacies of Cleavages
challenges to democracy in the 21st century the quality of democracy in africa opposition competitiveness rooted in legacies of cleavages jonathan van eerd Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century Series Editor Hanspeter Kriesi Department of Political and Social Science European University Institute San Domenico Di Fiesole Italy Democracyfacessubstantialchallengesaswemoveintothe21stCentury. TheWestfacesmalaise;multi-levelgovernancestructuresposedemocratic challenges; and the path of democratization rarely runs smoothly. This series examines democracy across the full range of these contemporary conditions. It publishes innovative research on established democracies, democratizing polities and democracy in multi-level governance struc- tures.Theseriesseekstobreakdownartificialdivisionsbetweendifferent disciplines, by simultaneously drawing on political communication, com- parative politics, international relations, political theory, and political economy. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesat http://www.springer.com/series/14889 JonathanvanEerd The Quality of Democracy in Africa Opposition Competitiveness Rooted in Legacies of Cleavages JonathanvanEerd InstituteofPoliticalScience UniversityofZürich Zürich,Switzerland ChallengestoDemocracyinthe21stCentury ISBN978-3-319-50837-5 ISBN978-3-319-50838-2 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50838-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017934887 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now knownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect tothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:MaximeBessieres/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland For Manaledi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my former PhD supervisors, Hanspeter Kriesi and Dieter Ruloff, who gave me the freedom to pursue a research project with a still under-researchedcontinentasitsmainareaofinterest.HanspeterKriesi’s rigorous and detailed critique and suggestions helped to substantially improvetheclarityofthisstudy’sarguments.Hispassionforthediscipline motivated me to expand my own limits. Dieter Ruloff’s generosity and confidenceinmyownjudgmentgavemethefreedomandopportunityto pursueextensive field studies.Having him as a head of department at the instituteinZurichwasaprivilege. I am also indebted to Nicolas van de Walle, who enabled my visiting scholarship at Cornell University and advised my research during my stay in Ithaca. His comments helped to improve important parts of this study. Furthermore, I am indebted to Simon Bornschier with whom I taught a yearly master’s research seminar at the University of Zurich on democratization in old and new democracies from 2009 until 2016. Simon’sworkonLatinAmericainspiredmetoinvestigatethepotentialof the cleavage approach in Africa and research programmatic party-voter linkages in Africa. He commented extensively on this project, and his inputssubstantiallycontributedtothesuccessfulcompletionofthisstudy. Furthermore, he was a good and patient friend, willing to listen to my recurring doubts, and advising me in a most subtle, but very helpful way. Furthermore, I am still indebted to Tim Frey whose enthusiasm for the African continent pushed me to keep on focusing my research on the African region after the handing in of my master’s thesis, and my first yearasaPhDstudent. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many senior colleagues and peers commented on parts and pieces during the process, and I want to thank them for their helpful comments and the valuable insights I gained: Katja Michaelowa, Rolf Kappel, Silja Häusermann, Stefanie Walter, Daniel Bochsler, Dominik Geering, Deniz Danaci, Matthijs Bogaards, Matthias Basedau, Michael Wahman and Staffan I. Lindberg, who was also very helpful during the process of data collection for the quantitative analyses. I am also very grateful to Livia Schubiger’sexcellentreviewofimportantpartsofthisstudy. SpecialthanksgotoFabioWasserfallen.Hewasagreatcompanionand colleague during my time at the Institute of Political Science in Zurich, wheremostpartsofthisstudywerewritten.Countlessdiscussionsduring lunch and coffee breaks and his rigorous analytical thinking on political science research and the academic profession in general influenced and enrichedmyownworkandapproachtowardpoliticalscience. I thank the anonymous reviewer for her/his constructive comments and suggestions that helped to improve the final manuscript. It was a great pleasure to work with the excellent editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan, in particular Ambra Finotella and Imogen Gordon Clark. Theirprofessionalismandflexibilitymadethereviewandfinalpublication processaverysatisfactoryexperience.Allremainingerrorsaremyown. Furthermore, I thank the numerous workshop and conference partic- ipants, master’s students of the courses I taught or I advised in their master’sthesis.Theircriticalinputsandquestionsprovidedamostvaluable sourceofinspirationformyworkondemocratizationandpartysystemsin generalandinAfricainparticular.Inaddition,IthankPhilippSchüeppfor his helpful contribution to the data collection process of the quantitative sample. I thank my former colleagues at the Chair of International Relations in Zurich, particularly Markus Stierli for his guidance at the beginning of my academic career path. Petra Holtrup, in turn, provided me with valuable support during the last year of my project. Natalia Lisenkova, Christian Schneider, Johannes Le Blanc, Sandro Iadanza, Thomas Milic, Christopher Humphrey, Thomas Kurer and many other colleagues made the institute in Zurich a most pleasant place to work. Furthermore, I thank my friend and independent mind, Marianne Affolter, with whom I had many interesting discussions on Africa in general and who kept encouragingmeinthepursuitofmyresearch. MyfamilysparkedmyinterestinAfricaingeneralandpoliticsinspecial and I am most grateful for that. I am most indebted to Manaledi who ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix supported me during the whole process with her affection and endless patience. I am very grateful to my daughter Jolien Mirjam who skillfully managed to distract my attention away from the screen toward her dolls, building bricks and stuffed animals during the completion of the final manuscript. Institutional support from the Foundation for Research in Science and the Humanities at the University of Zurich and the Swiss National Science Foundation enabled field studies and visiting scholarships in Botswana, Lesotho, Ghana, Mali and the United States (appointment in project no. F-64206-01-01andfellowshipPBZHP1-141455,respectively). Last but not the least, I am most indebted to the many who helped me in the course of my field studies in Botswana, Lesotho, Ghana and Mali: I thank Oscar Mwangi from the National University of Lesotho, as well as Victor Shale, Holo ‘Nyane and Sofonea Shale from the NGOs EISA in South Africa as well as the Transformation Resource Center and the DevelopmentforPeaceEducation center in Lesotho for most valuable helpandinformationduringfiledstudiesinLesotho.IthanktheLaRoche family in Switzerland who sparked my interest for Lesotho and Mamaria ChabeliwhohelpedmewithmyresearchinThaba-Tseka. WhenitcomestofieldstudiesinBotswana,IthankDavidSebudubudu and Zibani Maundeni from the Political Science Department at the University of Botswana, Lawrence Kefitilwe and Helmut Elischer from the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation in Gaborone, Gaone Gabarwatswe who helped me to contact chiefs in Botswana, Christian von Soest and Matthias Basedau from GIGA in Hamburg for general information and contacts, and Manuel Mühlebach and Christian Hutter for assistance in the transcription of interviews. I thank the Government of Botswana and the Office of the President for reviewing my application and permitting myfieldresearch. When it comes to field studies in Ghana, I thank Emmanuel Debrah from the Political Science Department at the University of Ghana, Cyril K. Daddieh for general information and contacts, Philipp Häsler from the Embassy of Switzerland in Accra, Kojo Asante and Regina Oforiwa Amanfo from the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD) in Accra, Donna and Vito and their staff from the La-Paradise Inn for excellent food and hosting, as well as Uta Staschewski from the Friedrich NaumannFoundationinAccra. The diplomatic personnel of Switzerland and the Netherlands in Bamako, Boukary Barry from Technolab-ISTA, Yaya Ballo, Moumouni x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Soumano from the Centre Malien pour le dialouge inter-partis et la Democratie (CMDID), Yacouba Berthe from the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Bamako and Souleymane Bouba Fofana were very helpful duringmyfieldstudiesinMali.Inaddition,IamgratefultoYannStricker and Matthias Basedau who provided me with valuable contacts in Mali. Furthermore, I had a most agreeable stay in Bamako thanks to the great hosting and general help by Seydou and Yaya Coulibaly of the Case de Passage. ThereweretoomanymosthelpfulpeopleinLesotho,Botswana,Ghana andMalitobenamedwhowerecrucialforthesuccessofthisproject.They madefieldstudiesinAfricaamostinsightfulandinspiringexperience.Last butnottheleast,Ithankmyinterviewpartners—experts,politicians,party personnel and chiefs—who took the time and had the patience to answer mynumerousquestions.
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