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The Public Sector R&D Enterprise: A New Approach to Portfolio Valuation PDF

144 Pages·2015·1.148 MB·English
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The Public Sector R&D Enterprise DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Series Editor: Albert N. Link Managing Editor: Leila Campoli Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy is a scholarly series for academics and policy makers. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the economic foundations of science, tech- nology, and innovation policy; the impact of science, technology, and innovation policy on economic growth and development; science, technology, and innovation policy as a driver of sustainability and social well-being; and the application of methods and models for quantify- ing the social consequences of science, technology, and innovation policy. Titles include: Peter D. Linquiti THE PUBLIC SECTOR R&D ENTERPRISE A New Approach to Portfolio Valuation Peter D. Blair CONGRESS’S OWN THINK TANK Learning from the legacy of the office of technology assessment (1972–1995) Albert N. Link BENDING THE ARC OF INNOVATION Public support of r&d in small, entrepreneurial firms DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 The Public Sector R&D Enterprise: A New Approach to Portfolio Valuation Peter D. Linquiti George Washington University, USA DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 the public sector r&d enterprise Copyright © Peter D. Linquiti, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-54208-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fift h Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-1-137-54209-0 PDF ISBN: 978-1-349-50702-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. First edition: 2015 www.palgrave.com/pivot DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090 Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Acknowledgments x 1 Research and Development: Opportunities and Challenges 1 2 A Primer on the Public Sector R&D Enterprise 5 2.1 Overview 6 2.2 Mediating factors: policy objectives 9 2.2.1 Correct market failures 9 2.2.2 Strengthen the economy 11 2.2.3 Enhance national competitiveness 14 2.3 Model component: inputs 16 2.4 Model component: activities 19 2.5 Mediating factors: institutional conditions 23 2.5.1 Program-specific statutory and regulatory requirements 23 2.5.2 Government-wide statutory and regulatory requirements 26 2.5.3 Inter-agency coordination 27 2.5.4 Political oversight 28 2.6 Model component: outputs 30 DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 v vi Contents 2.7 Mediating factors: conditions faced by new technologies 33 2.7.1 The market environment for new technologies 33 2.7.2 The policy environment for new technologies 36 2.8 Model component: outcomes 37 2.9 Model component: impacts 40 2.10 Model component: program evaluation 42 3 R&D Portfolio Valuation and Formation 45 3.1 National Research Council method for prospective evaluation 46 3.2 Potential enhancements to the standard DT/DCF approach 49 3.2.1 Enhancement #1: treat R&D projects as real options 49 3.2.2 Enhancement #2: treat groups of R&D projects as portfolios 53 3.2.3 Enhancement #3: value R&D portfolios as portfolios of real options 62 3.3 Approaches to portfolio formation 64 3.3.1 Commercial practices for portfolio formation 64 3.3.2 Public sector practices for portfolio formation 71 4 Public Sector R&D Valuation: A Practical Example 74 4.1 Research questions 75 4.2 Data 75 4.2.1 R&D project data 76 4.2.2 Energy price data 84 4.3 Methodology 89 4.3.1 Replicate and extend NRC methodology 90 4.3.2 Execute real option analysis with related projects 90 4.3.3 Sensitivity analyses 93 4.3.4 Measuring portfolio risk 93 DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 Contents vii 4.4 Results 95 4.4.1 Project valuation 95 4.4.2 Portfolio valuation 97 4.4.3 Sensitivity analyses 99 5 Recommendations for Public Sector R&D Managers 106 6 Next Steps in Valuing R&D Portfolios: A Research Agenda 111 References 116 Index 129 DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0001 List of Figures 2.1 The public sector enterprise for applied research & development 8 2.2 Entities performing federally funded applied research in 2012 18 2.3 Annual funding for Advanced Technology Program 25 2.4 Illustrative market penetration pathways for new technologies 39 3.1 Payoff to an R&D option 51 3.2 Underlying asset value and option payoff 52 3.3 Relationship between number of projects and portfolio variance 56 3.4 Effect of project correlation on portfolio risk 57 3.5 Trade-off of risk & return 61 3.6 Effect on portfolio risk of correlation between projects with conditional payoffs 63 4.1 “Uncertainty surrounding estimates of program benefits” as presented by National Research Council 79 4.2 Description of characterization of project relationships 82 4.3 Comparison of project rankings based on valuation method 96 4.4 Portfolio value: decision tree/discounted cash flow method versus real option method 98 4.5 Portfolio value: real option method with and without project correlations 100 4.6 Portfolio value: effect of project interdependencies 103 viii DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0002 List of Tables 4.1 Taxonomy of R&D projects 77 4.2 Characterization of R&D projects 81 4.3 Technological relationships during R&D 83 4.4 Commercial relationships during deployment 83 4.5 Future energy prices 85 4.6 Historical energy prices 87 4.7 Correlations among historical energy price changes 88 4.8 Derivation of beta by fuel type 89 4.9 Estimation of risk-neutral price path 90 4.10 Project valuation net of R&D cost 95 4.11 Simulation of portfolio value: decision tree/discounted cash flow method versus real option method 97 4.12 Sensitivity analysis: real option valuation with and without project correlations 100 4.13 Sensitivity analysis: effect of assumed project correlation on real option valuation 102 DOI: 10.1057/9781137542090.0003 ix

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