The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations, and Helping

446 Pages·2009·3.057 MB·English

by  Stefan Stürmer, Mark Snyder

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The Psychology of Prosocial
Behavior
The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations, and Helping
Edited by Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-17881-5
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The Psychology of
Prosocial Behavior
Group Processes, Intergroup Relations,
and Helping
Edited by
Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder
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This edition first published 2010
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The psychology of prosocial behavior : group processes, intergroup relations, and
helping / edited by Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-7881-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4051-7880-8
(pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Social groups. 2. Social psychology. 3. Interpersonal relations.
4. Helping behavior. I. Stürmer, Stefan. II. Snyder, Mark.
HM716
155.2′32—dc22
2009012049
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5/12.5pt Galliard by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed in Malaysia
1 2010
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Contents
List of Contributors ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction
The Psychological Study of Group Processes and
Intergroup Relations in Prosocial Behavior: Past,
Present, Future 3
Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder
Part I: Motivations for Helping In-Group and
Out-Group Members
1 The Tribal Instinct Hypothesis: Evolution and the
Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations 13
Mark van Vugt and Justin H. Park
2 Helping “Us” versus “Them”: Towards a Group-Level
Theory of Helping and Altruism Within and Across
Group Boundaries 33
Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder
3 Stigmas and Prosocial Behavior: Are People Reluctant
to Help Stigmatized Persons? 59
John B. Pryor, Glenn D. Reeder, Andrew E. Monroe,
and Arati Patel
4 The Strategic Side of Out-Group Helping 81
Esther van Leeuwen and Susanne Täuber
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vi Contents
Part II: Consequences of Giving or Receiving Help
in the Context of Groups
5 Discrimination Against Out-Group Members in Helping
Situations 103
Donald A. Saucier, Jessica L. McManus, and
Sara J. Smith
6 Receiving Help: Consequences for the Recipient 121
Samer Halabi and Arie Nadler
7 Turning to Others in Times of Change: Social Identity
and Coping with Stress 139
Jolanda Jetten, S. Alexander Haslam, Aarti Iyer,
and Catherine Haslam
8 Volunteering Across the Life Span: Doing Well by
Doing Good 157
Jane Allyn Piliavin
Part III: Intervention Strategies: Targeting
Individuals, Groups, and Organizations
9 Perspective Taking and Intergroup Helping 175
Mark H. Davis and Angela T. Maitner
10 Recategorization and Prosocial Behavior: Common
In-Group Identity and a Dual Identity 191
John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Nurit Shnabel,
Tamar Saguy, and James Johnson
11 Groups, Identities, and Bystander Behavior:
How Group Processes Can Be Used to Promote
Helping 209
Mark Levine and Clare Cassidy
12 Influences of Psychological Sense of Community on
Voluntary Helping and Prosocial Action 223
Allen M. Omoto and Mark Snyder
13 Empowering the Volunteer Organization: What
Volunteer Organizations Can Do to Recruit, Content,
and Retain Volunteers 245
Naomi Ellemers and Edwin J. Boezeman
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Contents vii
Part IV: The Broader Picture: Political and
Societal Implications
14 Interpersonal and Intergroup Helping Relations as
Power Relations: Implications for Real-World Helping 269
Arie Nadler
15 Beyond Help: A Social Psychology of Collective
Solidarity and Social Cohesion 289
Stephen Reicher and S. Alexander Haslam
16 Cross-Group Helping: Perspectives on Why and
Why Not 311
Stephen C. Wright and Norann T. Richard
17 Helping Disadvantaged Out-Groups Challenge Unjust
Inequality: The Role of Group-Based Emotions 337
Aarti Iyer and Colin Wayne Leach
Bibliography 355
Author Index 417
Subject Index 434
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Contributors
Edwin J. Boezeman
Leiden University, [email protected]
Clare Cassidy (deceased)
formerly University of St. Andrews
Mark H. Davis
Eckerd College, [email protected]
John F. Dovidio
Yale University, [email protected]
Naomi Ellemers
Leiden University, [email protected]
Samuel L. Gaertner
University of Delaware, [email protected]
Samer Halabi
Zefat Academic College, [email protected]
Catherine Haslam
University of Exeter, [email protected]
S. Alexander Haslam
University of Exeter, [email protected]
Aarti Iyer
University of Queensland, [email protected]
Jolanda Jetten
University of Queensland/University of Exeter, [email protected]
James Johnson
University of North Carolina – Wilmington, [email protected]
Colin Wayne Leach
University of Connecticut, [email protected]
Mark Levine
Lancaster University, [email protected]
Jessica L. McManus
Kansas State University, [email protected]
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x Contributors
Angela T. Maitner
University of Kent, [email protected]
Andrew E. Monroe
University of Oregon, [email protected]
Arie Nadler
Tel Aviv University, [email protected]
Allen M. Omoto
Claremont Graduate University, [email protected]
Justin H. Park
University of Groningen, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Arati Patel
Illinois State University, [email protected]
Jane Allyn Piliavin
Professor Emerita, University of Wisconsin-Madison, jpiliavi@ssc.
wisc.edu
John B. Pryor
Illinois State University, [email protected]
Glenn D. Reeder
Illinois State University, [email protected]
Stephen Reicher
University of St. Andrews, [email protected]
Norann T. Richard
Simon Fraser University, [email protected]
Tamar Saguy
University of Connecticut, [email protected]
Donald A. Saucier
Kansas State University, [email protected]
Nurit Shnabel
Yale University, [email protected]
Sara J. Smith
Kansas State University, [email protected]
Mark Snyder
University of Minnesota, [email protected]
Stefan Stürmer
FernUniversität Hagen, [email protected]
Susanne Täuber
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, [email protected]
Esther van Leeuwen
Free University Amsterdam, [email protected]
Mark van Vugt
University of Kent at Canterbury, [email protected]
Stephen C. Wright
Simon Fraser University, [email protected]
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Acknowledgments
The idea for this book project was formed during a European
Association of Experimental Social Psychology (EAESP) small group
meeting on “Group-level perspectives on giving and receiving help,”
held in October of 2006 in Mühbrook, Germany (with funding by
the EAESP and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG]). The
meeting not only provided several of the contributors to this volume,
it also offered opportunities to meet and discuss key issues examined
in this book and to explore the relations between and among their
theoretical perspectives and programs of empirical research.
Resource support for this project came from several sources. Grants
from the DFG to Stefan Stürmer supported the collaborative research
with Mark Snyder that is reported in this book, as well as work on
this volume. Mark Snyder’s research (including work on this book)
was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health
and the National Science Foundation.
We also want to acknowledge the support of the people at Wiley-
Blackwell. Specifically, we thank Chris Cardone, who commissioned
the book, as well as Kelly Basner and Constance Adler, who were
admirably enthusiastic and supportive. Last but not least, we would
like to acknowledge the help of the people involved in multiple ways
in the editorial work. Therefore we thank: Birgit Awizio, Markus Barth,
Alexander N. Bodansky, Jana Schneider, and Nicole Voß at the Social
Psychology Department of the FernUniversität in Hagen and Stefan
Stürmer’s partner, Markus Lang. Our gratitude extends to all who served
in different ways to make this book become reality.
Clare Cassidy, the co-author of Chapter 11, died unexpectedly before
publication of this book. We will miss her as a distinguished colleague
and friend.
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Introduction
The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations, and Helping
Edited by Stefan Stürmer and Mark Snyder
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-17881-5