The Psychology of Gender

658 Pages·2011·6.786 MB·English

by  Vicki S. Helgeson

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Helgeson, Vicki S.
The psychology of gender / Vicki S. Helgeson. — 4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05018-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-05018-2 (alk. paper)
1. Sex role. 2. Sex differences (Psychology) I. Title.
HQ1075.H452012
305.3—dc23
2011024121
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-05018-5
ISBN10: 0-205-05018-2
(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2) (cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2)
The Psychology
of GENDER
Fourth Edition
Vicki S. Helgeson
Carnegie Mellon University
Boston Columbus Indianapolis NewYork SanFrancisco UpperSaddleRiver
Amsterdam CapeTown Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi MexicoCity SãoPaulo Sydney HongKong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
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To Mark and Katja
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BRIEF CONTENTS
1
Introduction 1
2
Methods and History of Gender Research 29
3
Gender-Role Attitudes 67
4
Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations 102
5
Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory 134
6
Achievement 183
7
Communication 220
8
Friendship 260
9
Romantic Relationships 295
10
Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and Explanations 342
11
Relationships and Health 390
12
Paid Worker Role and Health 441
13
Mental Health 487
v
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Supplements xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1
Introduction 1
DefinitionofTerms 3
CulturalDifferencesintheConstrualofGender 11
CultureswithMultipleGenders 11
Morocco 12
TheAgtaNegrito 13
Tahiti 13
StatusandCulture 14
PhilosophicalandPoliticalIssuesSurroundingGender 17
TheSexDifferenceDebate 17
SocialConstructionofGender 18
Women’sMovements 18
Men’sMovements 21
ANoteonSexistLanguage 22
ThisBook’sApproachtotheStudyofGender 24
Summary 26
DiscussionQuestions 27
SuggestedReading 27
KeyTerms 27
2
Methods and History of Gender Research 29
TheScientificMethod 30
CorrelationalStudy 31
ExperimentalStudy 33
FieldExperiment 36
Cross-SectionalVersusLongitudinalDesigns 37
Meta-Analysis 38
vviiii
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viii Contents
DifficultiesinConductingResearchonGender 38
ExperimenterEffects 40
ParticipantEffects 44
TheSetting:LaboratoryVersusField 45
VariablesConfoundedwithSex 46
SituationalInfluences 46
HistoryofthePsychologyofGender 48
1894–1936:SexDifferencesinIntelligence 48
1936–1954:Masculinity–FemininityasaGlobalPersonalityTrait 49
1954–1982:SexTypingandAndrogyny 53
1982–Present:GenderasaSocialCategory 58
Summary 64
DiscussionQuestions 65
SuggestedReading 66
KeyTerms 66
3
Gender-Role Attitudes 67
AttitudesTowardMen’sandWomen’sRoles 68
AffectiveComponent:Sexism 70
TraditionalVersusModernSexism 70
HostileVersusBenevolentSexism 71
SexismTowardMen 74
AttitudesTowardLesbians,Gay,Bisexual,andTransgenderedPersons 76
CognitiveComponent:Gender-RoleStereotyping 79
WhatIsaGender-RoleStereotype? 79
ComponentsofGender-RoleStereotypes 81
SubcategoriesofGender-RoleStereotypes 87
EffectsofGender-RoleStereotypes 87
AlteringGender-RoleStereotypes 91
DoStereotypesReflectReality? 93
WhatIstheStatusofStereotypesToday? 95
BehavioralComponent:SexDiscrimination 97
Summary 99
DiscussionQuestions 100
SuggestedReading 100
KeyTerms 101
4
Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations 102
MaccobyandJacklin’sPsychologyofSexDifferences 105
Meta-Analysis 106
SexComparisonsinCognitiveAbilities 108
SpatialAbility 108
MathematicalAbility 114
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