The Psychology of depression; contemporary theory and research

495 Pages·1974·15.928 MB·English

by  Friedman, Raymond J., Katz, Martin M

Flow-Induced Vibration of
Power and Process Plant
Components:

A Practical Workbook

M. K. Au-Yang, Ph.D., PE

ASME Press New York 2001

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© 2001, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

Reprinted with corrections 2008.

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Library of Congress Cataogong-in-Publication Data

Au-Yang, M. K., 1937-
Flow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components: A Practical Workbook / M. K.
Au-Yang.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-7918-1066-7
1. Vibration. 2. Fluid dynamics. 3. Structural dynamics. I. Title.
2. TA355.A873 2001
624.1’76 --- DC21 2001022080

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Disclaimer

This book was written for educational purposes. Neither the author, his
affiliation, nor ASME Press makes any guarantee that the information contained
in this book is 100% accurate. Readers who use the materials contained in this
book for any design analysis, diagnostic and troubleshooting should verify the
results following their own quality assurance programs.

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Acknowledgment

Many of the graphics and drawings contained in this book were reproduced, with
cosmetic touch-up and revisions, from the U.S. National Aeronautic and Space
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy and other U.S. Government agency
reports, and from various publications by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME). Some are reproduced, with permission, from other
professional and private organizations. The author wishes to express his gratitude
to Framtome ANP of USA, for permission to use many of the company's
drawings in this book. He also thanks the following organizations for permissions
to use the specific drawings:

Cambridge University Press, Figure 6.1
Electric Power Research Institute, USA, Figures 2.16 and 11.5
Framatome, France, Figure 7.5
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK, Figure 7.2
Nuclear Industry Check Valve Group, Figure 11.11

Finally, the author wishes to express his great appreciation to his wife, Grace, for
giving him the time to write this book. Without her moral support, this book
would not be possible.

v

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Preface vii

Preface

Unlike stresses, seismic loads and radiation dosages, which are very much regulated and
governed by industry codes and standards, flow-induced vibration of power and process
plant components is a relatively unregulated technology— and with good reasons. Flow-
induced vibration is to a large extent, an operational problem that has relatively little
direct impact on public safety. If a component breaks down due to flow-induced
vibration, the plant has to be shut down until corrective actions are taken. Very often,
this is exactly the approach the power and process industries are taking. Through the
years, this kind of unplanned and unforeseen outages can add significantly to the
operational costs, as well as tint the public image of an otherwise technologically sound
industry.
In the power and process industries at least, flow-induced vibration is often viewed as
some kind of "black art"—too mysterious for the average practicing engineers to
understand. This is in part due to the vast amount of uncoordinated publications in the
open literature, many of which contained undefined notations and terminology. Yet as an
engineering science, flow-induced vibration analysis involves no higher mathematics
than thermal-hydraulic, seismic or stress analysis. Most of the flow-induced vibration
problems observed in the field could have been prevented if only minimum amounts of
time were spent on this issue in the design phase of the products.
The purpose of this book is to provide the practicing engineers with a consolidated
source to obtain information on the most common flow-induced vibration problems in
power and process plant components, as well as the basic equations and charts to enable
them to assess the concerns. Realizing that undefined notations and lack of a set of
universally accepted terminology constitute a major difficulty for the practicing engineers
to follow the published literature, great emphasis is placed on defining every notation
used both in the text and at the beginning of each chapter following the summary.
Conflicting terminology used by different authors is pointed out, sometimes to the point
of redundancy. It is this author's believe that it is better to be repetitious than unclear.
With the exception of the first couple of introductory chapters, each of the chapters in
this book follows the same structure. Each one starts with a rather lengthy summary
containing the key points and most frequently used equations of the chapter. The
intention is that most of time, the analyst should be able to carry out his calculations
following just the summaries, with reference to the main text only occasionally. A
comprehensive nomenclature follows the summary in each chapter. The main text
contains development of the subject in that chapter, extensive work examples and case
studies. It is assumed that the readers have access to some minimal computing facility
and software, such as personal computers and spreadsheets. Most of the work examples
are designed to be solved with pocket calculators or spreadsheets that are virtually part of
a modern office setup. Detailed mathematical derivations are given only in cases when
such derivations are not readily available in the literature, or when it is the opinion of this
author that the particular equation is often mispresented or misused. Emphasis is placed
on the physics of the phenomenon. It is the author's believe that, especially in plant
component diagnosis and troubleshooting, it is much more important to understand the
physics of the phenomenon than the detailed mathematical derivation of the governing
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Flow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components viii
equations. Each chapter ends with a reference list. Realizing that too many references
frequently intimidate, rather than help, practicing engineers, these reference lists are
purposely kept brief. Only the most relevant references are included.
This is a book written by a practicing engineer for practicing engineers. Even though
it is neither a research-oriented publication nor a conventional textbook, researchers in
flow-induced vibration may find it useful to help them present their results for wider
industry acceptances; and students may find this book useful to better prepare themselves
for the industry environment. The author is indebted to the many researchers whose
publications and friendly discussions have made this book possible. Research results of
the following distinguished names in flow-induced vibration form the central part of this
book: Drs R. B. Blevins, S. S. Chen, H. J. Connors, F. L. Eisinger, A. Powell, C. E.
Taylor; Professors M. P. Paidoussis, M. J. Pettigrew, D. S. Weaver and S. Ziada.

M. K. Au-Yang
Lynchburg, VA.
February 2001

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Table of Content ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface vii

Chapter 1 Units and Dimensions 1

Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Force-Length-Time Unit System 2
1.3 The Mass-Length-Time Unit System 2
Example 1.1: Reynolds Number Calculation 4
1.4 Dimensional Analysis 5
Example 1.2: Dimensional Check of Bending Moment Equation 6
References 6

Chapter 2 The Kinematics of Vibration and Acoustics 7

Summary 7
Nomenclature 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Free Vibration and Simple Harmonic Motion 9
2.3 Linear Vibration and Circular Motion 10
2.4 Vibration Measurement 12
2.5 Time Domain Representation of Vibration 15
2.6 Superposition of Sinusoidal Waves 17
2.7 Random Vibration and Noise 18
2.8 Frequency Domain Representation of Vibration 20
2.9 Traveling Waves 21
2.10 Propagation of Sound Waves 22
Example 2.1: Tapping Wave Forms from Two Piston Lift Check Valves 26
2.11 Energy in Sound Waves 26
2.12 Threshold of Hearing and Threshold of Pain 28
2.13 The Logarithmic Scale of Sound Intensity Measurement—The Decibel 28
2.14 The Decibel Used in Other Disciplines 30
2.15 Case Studies 31
Case Study 2.1: Forced Vibration of Nuclear Reactor Components by
Coolant Pump-Generated Acoustic Load 31
Case Study 2.2: Detecting Internal Leaks in a Nuclear Plant 33
References 36

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics 37

Summary 37
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Flow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components x
Nomenclature 39
3.1 The Equation of Motion with Damping but no External Force 41
3.2 Forced-Damped Vibration and Resonance 43
3.3 Transient Vibrations 45
3.4 Normal Modes 46
3.5 Structural Dynamics 48
3.6 Equation for Free Vibration 50
3.7 Mode-Shape Function Normalization 52
3.8 Vibration Amplitudes, Bending Moments and Stresses 53
Example 3.1 55
3.9 Equivalent Static Load Method 59
Example 3.2 60
3.10 Power Dissipation in Vibrating Structures 60
References 62

Chapter 4 Vibration of Structures in Quiescent Fluids—I 63

Summary 63
Nomenclature 65
4.1 Introduction 67
Strongly Coupled Fluid-Structure System 68
Weakly Coupled Fluid-Structure System 69
The Hydrodynamic Mass and Damping Method 70
4.2 Free Vibration of Circular Cylindrical Shells in Air 70
4.3 Acoustic Modes of a Fluid Annulus Bounded by Rigid Walls 75
The Ripple Approximation 78
4.4 Vibration of a Coupled Fluid-Cylindrical Shell System 79
4.5 The 2 x 2 Generalized Hydrodynamics Mass Matrix 80
The Physics of Fluid-Structure Coupling 84
Example 4.1: Coupled Shell-Mode Vibration 85
Example 4.2: Beam-Mode Vibration inside an Annular Fluid Gap 91
4.6 Extension to Double Annular Gaps 95
4.7 The Full Hydrodynamic Mass Matrix 96
Example 4.3: Beam Mode Vibration inside a Fluid Annulus 98
4.8 Forced Response of Coupled Fluid-Shells 101
Turbulence-Induced Vibration 102
The Loss-of-Coolant Accident Problem 104
Seismic Responses 107
References 107

Chapter 5 Vibration of Structures in Quiescent Fluids— II 109

Summary 109
Nomenclature 109
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