The Psychobiology of Trauma and Resilience Across the Lifespan

295 Pages·2008·1.32 MB·English

by  Douglas Delahanty (Editor)

The Psychobiology
of Trauma and
Resilience Across
the Lifespan

The Psychobiology
of Trauma and
Resilience Across
the Lifespan
Edited by Douglas L. Delahanty
JASON ARONSON
Lanham (cid:129) Boulder (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Toronto (cid:129) Plymouth, UK
Published in the United States of America
by Jason Aronson
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Copyright © 2008 by Jason Aronson
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The psychobiology of trauma and resilience across the lifespan / edited by
Douglas L. Delahanty.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7657-0536-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-7657-0536-2 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7657-0608-9 (electronic)
ISBN-10: 0-7657-0608-3 (electronic)
1. Post-traumatic stress disorder—Age factors. I. Delahanty, Douglas L., 1970–
[DNLM: 1. Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic. 2. Adaptation, Psychological.
3. Adolescent. 4. Adult. 5. Child. 6. Risk Factors. WM 170 P97326 2008]
RC552.P67P7595 2008
616.85'21—dc22 2008020160
Printed in the United States of America
(cid:2) ™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction ix
1 Developmental Issues in Diagnosing PTSD 1
Michael R. McCart, Genelle K. Sawyer, and Daniel W. Smith
2 Genetic Risk Factors for PTSD 23
Karestan C. Koenen, Ananda B. Amstadter, and Nicole R. Nugent
3 Predictors of PTSD Symptoms in Police Officers:
From Childhood to Retirement 47
Nnamdi Pole
4 PTSD in Children and Adolescents: Risk Factors
and Treatment Innovations 69
Daniel W. Smith, Michael R. McCart, and Benjamin E. Saunders
5 Modeling Pathways to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 89
Glenn N. Saxe, Meaghan Geary, Erin Hall, and Julie Kaplow
6 The Long Reach of Trauma Across the Lifespan:
Mechanisms for the Signature of Abuse 99
Ana-Maria Vranceanu, Lisa Stines, Jeremiah A. Schumm,
Brittain E. Lamoureux, and Stevan E. Hobfoll
v
vi Contents
7 Biological Risk and Resilience Factors 121
Ann Rasmusson
8 Age-Related Changes in Neuroendocrine, Cognitive,
and Neuroanatomic Aspects of PTSD 143
Rachel Yehuda
9 Dissociation Across the Lifespan and Interfaces with
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 171
Daphne Simeon and Ashley Braun
10 Comorbid PTSD and Major Depression: Does History
of Exposure to Interpersonal Violence Contribute
to Nonresilience? 191
Jesse R. Cougle, Heidi Resnick, and Dean G. Kilpatrick
11 PTSD in Child and Adult Populations: A Review of the
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Outcome Literature 209
Norah C. Feeny and Shoshana Y. Kahana
12 Recent Advances in the Pharmacological
Treatment/Prevention of PTSD 233
Douglas L. Delahanty and Sarah A. Ostrowski
13 From Childhood to Adult PTSD—An Integrative Model 255
Douglas L. Delahanty and Leah Irish
Index 273
List of Contributors 279
Preface
O
n April 22, 2007, a group of twelve experts were brought together in the
picturesque Amish country of north central Ohio to begin a three-day fo-
rum on the state-of-the-science in our understanding of posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). A number of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and
collaborators were also in attendance. The following chapters were gener-
ated from presentations by the experts and discussion of all attendees. The
researchers were selected for their expertise in PTSD at different stages of
development. Up to now, child and adult PTSD researchers operated rela-
tively autonomously, with little communication between the two groups. Our
hope was to bridge this gap in research, establish collaborative relationships,
and increase our understanding of how developmental influences impact risk
and resilience for PTSD and comorbid disorders at all stages, from childhood
to older age.
I wish to thank many people without whom this conference and book would
not have been possible. First, the presenters who openly gave of their time
and expertise—I would like to extend my personal thanks for your enthusi-
asm and support of this project as well as your thoughtful contributions to this
work. Next, to the forum attendees for their lively discussion and thought-
provoking contributions, which are reflected in the content of the following
chapters. Special thanks go to my graduate students (Aaron Armelie, Jessica
Boarts, Crystal Gabert, Leah Irish, Ihori Kobayashi, Sarah Ostrowski, Keri
Pinna, and Suhrida Yadavalli) for their help with organizational logistics and
transporting of participants. I would also like to thank Stevan Hobfoll and the
Applied Psychology Center for organizing the Kent Forum series and funding
the conference. Finally, an extra-special thanks goes to Kathy Floody, who
vii
viii Preface
took on the task of organizing all aspects of the forum and book preparation.
Without her tireless help and support neither would have been a possibility.
Preparation of this book was facilitated by National Institute of Mental
Health grants R34 MH 73014 and R34 MH 71201.
Douglas L. Delahanty
Introduction
S
ince the introduction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a diagnosis
in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis-
orders (DSM-III, American Psychiatric Association, 1980), research into risk
and resilience factors for the disorder has focused primarily on adult male
veterans. More recently, research has expanded to include victims of a variety
of traumas, at times findings similarities and at times differences in predic-
tors and correlates of PTSD dependent upon the index trauma experienced.
However, the vast majority of PTSD research, to this date, has continued to
focus on adult samples. That said, the importance of examining risk/resilience
factors in PTSD across the lifespan has become increasingly obvious. Recent
research has consistently demonstrated that childhood experiences confer
risk/resilience for reactions to trauma in adulthood, and predictors and cor-
relates of PTSD appear to differ developmentally.
Large-scale studies prospectively following children through young adult-
hood and beyond are costly and time-consuming, and require a large amount
of resources to conduct. Therefore, our understanding of developmental in-
fluences on responses to trauma and risk for posttraumatic distress are often
hindered by retrospective designs and limited follow-up assessments. Perhaps
due to differing training requirements of child and adult psychologists and
psychiatrists, and decreased comfort in expansion of one’s research program
into areas of different variables and complexities, few researchers have ex-
amined predictors and correlates of posttraumatic responses in both child and
adult samples. Further, PTSD research has typically been conducted by either
child or adult researchers with relatively little overlap or communication
between the two camps. However, we are at the point where developmental
models of PTSD are necessary to fully understand the complex constellation
ix